Cell Biology: Adaptations and Homeostasis
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Questions and Answers

What is the main aim of cellular adaptations?

  • To cause pathological changes in cells
  • To maintain homeostasis
  • To induce physiological changes
  • To escape cell injury and preserve viability (correct)
  • Which of the following is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

  • Hypertrophy of liver cells in response to toxin
  • Uterine hypertrophy in pregnancy
  • LVH in systemic hypertension
  • Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle in athletes (correct)
  • What is the result of increased functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation on cells?

  • Metaplasia
  • Atrophy
  • Hypertrophy (correct)
  • Hyperplasia
  • What is the term for the maintenance of dynamically stable internal machinery in a cell?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which cells increase in size to increase the size of the relevant organ?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy?

    <p>An increase in the mass of smooth muscle in the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which cells respond to external disturbances to maintain viability?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cellular alteration that will be seen in the heart of the 51-year-old male due to untreated high blood pressure?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue leading to an increase in its size?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of physiological hyperplasia?

    <p>Uterus in pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a decrease in the size of cells, leading to a decrease in organ or tissue size?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of atrophy of the brain in an old male with atherosclerotic disease?

    <p>Reduced blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a change in the type of cells in a tissue or organ?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the effect of growth factors on target cells, leading to an increase in cell number?

    <p>The effect of growth factors on target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?

    <p>Following partial liver resection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Specificity and Homeostasis

    • Each cell has a specific function, determined by its genetic setup, machinery, and metabolic pathways.
    • Homeostasis is the state of equilibrium with the external environment and dynamically stable internal machinery, where input is orchestrated with output.

    Cellular Adaptations

    • Cellular adaptations occur in response to external disturbances, including physiological and pathological changes in cell machinery.
    • The goal of adaptation is to escape cell injury and preserve viability by establishing a new steady state.

    Types of Cellular Adaptations

    • Atrophy: a decrease in the size of cells, leading to a decrease in organ or tissue size, often as an adaptive response to decreased workload, denervation, ischemia, under nutrition, or loss of endocrine stimulation.
    • Hypertrophy: an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in organ size, caused by increased functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation, and can be physiological or pathological.
    • Hyperplasia: an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, leading to an increase in its size, often occurring together with hypertrophy.
    • Metaplasia: a change in cell type, not mentioned in the provided text.
    • Dysplasia: a change in cell growth or development, not mentioned in the provided text.

    Examples of Cellular Adaptations

    • Hypertrophy: athletes, mechanical workers, uterus in pregnancy (also involves hyperplasia), and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in systemic hypertension.
    • Hyperplasia: physiological (e.g., uterus in pregnancy, compensatory hyperplasia following partial liver resection), and pathological (e.g., estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia, viral warts).

    Comparison of Normal and Adapted Cells

    • Uterine smooth muscle cells: normal cells are small and spindle-shaped, while hypertrophied cells are larger and plump.
    • Heart cells: normal heart cells are smaller and more organized, while hypertrophied heart cells are larger and more disorganized.

    Endometrial Hyperplasia

    • Characterized by prominent folds of endometrium in the uterus, involving both endometrial glands and stroma.
    • Can be caused by excessive hormonal stimulation or the effect of growth factors on target cells.

    Atrophy of the Brain

    • Characterized by a decrease in brain size and a narrowing of gyri and widening of sulci.
    • Caused by aging and reduced blood supply, leading to loss of brain substance.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the concepts of cell specificity, homeostasis, and adaptations in cellular biology. Learn about the genetic setup, machinery, and metabolic pathways that enable cells to maintain a dynamically stable internal environment and respond to external disturbances.

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