L30. Physiology - Endocrine Pancreas

The primary factor regulating insulin secretion, influencing how much insulin the pancreas releases.

The nervous system's role in insulin secretion before food is even eaten, preparing the body for digestion.

Hormones produced by the gut shortly after eating, enhancing insulin secretion.

The effect of incretins boosting insulin secretion when glucose is taken orally, compared to directly into the bloodstream.

The process of increased insulin secretion from beta cells as blood glucose rises, like after a meal.

A test that measures how the body handles glucose, showing how blood glucose levels and insulin secretion change over time.

Drugs that work by targeting the GLP-1 pathway, aiming to regulate insulin secretion and improve blood sugar control.

A signaling molecule involved in a variety of cellular processes, including insulin secretion.

A second messenger molecule involved in intracellular signaling pathways.

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cell that plays a role in various cellular processes including calcium storage.

Calcium ions are released into the cytoplasm through a specific channel.

A protein kinase that is activated by DAG and Ca2+.

Calcium ions play a key role in cellular signaling and are stored within the ER.

The concentration of calcium ions inside the cell.

The activation of the Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel promotes Ca2+ influx, which also releases Ca2+ from ER storage.

These signal molecules play a role in insulin secretion.

The process where stored glycogen in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream.

The process where glucose in the blood is converted into glycogen for storage in the liver.

A non-insulin sensitive glucose transporter that brings glucose into the liver cells. It allows glucose to move independently of insulin.

The process where glucose is broken down into pyruvate for energy production. This happens in the cytoplasm of the liver cell.

The process where the liver creates new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids or glycerol. This occurs when blood glucose levels are low.

Insulin's ability to promote the production of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein from glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, respectively.

Insulin's action to decrease the breakdown of glycogen, triglycerides, and protein, preventing the release of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids back into the bloodstream.

Insulin's impact on electrolyte balance by increasing potassium and phosphate uptake into cells, while decreasing sodium and calcium uptake.

The primary target tissues (muscle, liver, and adipose) impacted by insulin's metabolic effects.

Insulin's action of increasing glucose uptake into cells, primarily in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.

Insulin's effect on fatty acids, promoting uptake into cells for triglyceride synthesis and reducing lipolysis (breakdown of fats).

Insulin's role in amino acid metabolism, increasing their uptake into cells for protein synthesis and reducing protein breakdown.

Insulin's action to suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose in the liver, thus reducing glucose output.

The initial steps of insulin signaling, involving receptor activation and the intracellular cascade, are shared across various tissues.

Insulin's diverse effects on various physiological systems, acting both directly and indirectly.

A protein receptor on cell surfaces that binds insulin, initiating a signaling cascade to regulate sugar metabolism.

A change in the shape of the insulin receptor after insulin binds to it, triggering a series of events inside the cell.

The activation of the insulin receptor's intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, leading to phosphorylation of itself and other proteins.

The addition of phosphate groups to tyrosine residues on the insulin receptor and other proteins, a key process in signal transduction.

Proteins that bind to the phosphorylated insulin receptor, acting as messengers in the signaling pathway.

A series of events triggered by the insulin receptor, involving phosphorylation of multiple proteins and leading to various cellular responses.

The insulin signaling pathway affects diverse cellular processes, including glucose uptake, metabolism, and protein synthesis.

The ability of the insulin receptor to activate itself, leading to a self-sustaining cascade.

The process of a specific protein kinase activating another protein kinase, amplifying the signal and creating a cascade effect.

The various branches of the insulin signaling network, targeting specific cellular processes based on tissue-specific needs.