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Questions and Answers
What is one of the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
What is one of the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin?
Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin?
What is the effect of insulin on lipid metabolism?
What is the effect of insulin on lipid metabolism?
What is the primary role of glucagon?
What is the primary role of glucagon?
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Which statement regarding the brain's requirement for insulin is correct?
Which statement regarding the brain's requirement for insulin is correct?
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What condition is characterized by insufficient insulin secretion and decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors?
What condition is characterized by insufficient insulin secretion and decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors?
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What type of effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?
What type of effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?
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What is the etiology of diabetes mellitus?
What is the etiology of diabetes mellitus?
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What plasma glucose level indicates diabetes during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?
What plasma glucose level indicates diabetes during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?
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Which of the following is classified as a macrovascular complication of diabetes?
Which of the following is classified as a macrovascular complication of diabetes?
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What characterizes microvascular changes in diabetes?
What characterizes microvascular changes in diabetes?
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What is the primary effect of ketosis in the absence of insulin?
What is the primary effect of ketosis in the absence of insulin?
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What is a key determinant of ketoacidosis?
What is a key determinant of ketoacidosis?
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What age range is typical for the onset of Type 1 diabetes?
What age range is typical for the onset of Type 1 diabetes?
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What percentage of diabetes cases does Type 1 diabetes typically comprise?
What percentage of diabetes cases does Type 1 diabetes typically comprise?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Type 1 diabetes?
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Type 1 diabetes?
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What is the primary function of an insulin pump?
What is the primary function of an insulin pump?
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What is the onset time for bolus (rapid-acting) insulin?
What is the onset time for bolus (rapid-acting) insulin?
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Which type of insulin is not administered with meals?
Which type of insulin is not administered with meals?
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What symptom is commonly associated with hypoglycemia?
What symptom is commonly associated with hypoglycemia?
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What distinguishes pseudo-hypoglycemia from true hypoglycemia?
What distinguishes pseudo-hypoglycemia from true hypoglycemia?
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What is the correct method of administering mixed combination insulin?
What is the correct method of administering mixed combination insulin?
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What is a potential cause of hypoglycemia?
What is a potential cause of hypoglycemia?
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What describes the onset of short-acting insulin?
What describes the onset of short-acting insulin?
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Which of the following is NOT a way to characterize ketoacidosis?
Which of the following is NOT a way to characterize ketoacidosis?
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What is a common precipitating factor for ketoacidosis?
What is a common precipitating factor for ketoacidosis?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with ketoacidosis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with ketoacidosis?
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Which management strategy is essential for treating ketoacidosis?
Which management strategy is essential for treating ketoacidosis?
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What is true regarding insulin obtained from recombinant DNA technology?
What is true regarding insulin obtained from recombinant DNA technology?
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Which type of insulin is classified as rapid acting?
Which type of insulin is classified as rapid acting?
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What is one method to administer insulin?
What is one method to administer insulin?
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What role does insulin play in correcting hyperkalemia?
What role does insulin play in correcting hyperkalemia?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Biguanides in diabetes treatment?
What is the primary mechanism of action of Biguanides in diabetes treatment?
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Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect commonly associated with Biguanides?
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect commonly associated with Biguanides?
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Incretin enhancers primarily mimic the effects of which of the following hormones?
Incretin enhancers primarily mimic the effects of which of the following hormones?
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What is the common suffix associated with Glinides?
What is the common suffix associated with Glinides?
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What is the recommended timing for taking Glinides in relation to meals?
What is the recommended timing for taking Glinides in relation to meals?
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Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Incretin enhancers?
Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Incretin enhancers?
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What is the primary action of Sulfonylureas in diabetes management?
What is the primary action of Sulfonylureas in diabetes management?
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Which of the following suffixes is associated with Sulfonylureas?
Which of the following suffixes is associated with Sulfonylureas?
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Which of the following is a symptom of gradual onset diabetes?
Which of the following is a symptom of gradual onset diabetes?
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What is the primary characteristic of gestational diabetes?
What is the primary characteristic of gestational diabetes?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for gestational diabetes?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for gestational diabetes?
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Which class of antihyperglycemics acts by interfering with carbohydrate breakdown and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which class of antihyperglycemics acts by interfering with carbohydrate breakdown and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
What is a common adverse effect associated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?
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When should alpha-glucosidase inhibitors be taken to maximize effectiveness?
When should alpha-glucosidase inhibitors be taken to maximize effectiveness?
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Which of the following classes of antihyperglycemics does NOT include a drug that is teratogenic?
Which of the following classes of antihyperglycemics does NOT include a drug that is teratogenic?
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Which option represents a risk factor specifically related to pregnancy for gestational diabetes?
Which option represents a risk factor specifically related to pregnancy for gestational diabetes?
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Study Notes
Pancreas Functions
- Two main functions: exocrine and endocrine
- Exocrine function: secretion of enzymes into the duodenum aiding nutrient digestion
- Endocrine function:
- Islets of Langerhans
- Secretion of glucagon/insulin
- Alpha cells secrete glucagon
- Beta cells secrete insulin
Insulin Effects
- Affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
- Aids in glucose transport: activates insulin receptors causing cellular uptake of glucose
- Hypoglycemic effect: reduces blood glucose levels
Insulin Roles
- Essential in glucose transport
- Hypoglycemic agent, causing glucose reduction in blood
Glucagon Role
- Antagonist to insulin
- Released when blood glucose is low to maintain blood glucose levels between meals
Diabetes Mellitus
- Metabolic disorder
- Pathophysiology: insufficient insulin secretion, decreased insulin receptor sensitivity
- Etiology: combination of genetic and environmental factors like lifestyle and diet
Liver and Pancreas in DM
- Liver and pancreas regulate the body's fuel supply
- Important for tissues to have sufficient energy to function
Blood Glucose Levels
- Normal fasting blood glucose: 4-7 mmol/L, 2 hours after meals: 5-10 mmol/L
- 2/3 of glucose is stored in liver and muscles as glycogen
Glucose Levels Between Meals
- When low, glycogen is broken down via glycogenolysis to release glucose in the blood
Insulin Physiological Actions
- Promotes glucose entry into cells
- Stores glucose in the form of glycogen
- Inhibits fat and glycogen breakdown
Diabetes Testing Methods
- Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C): measures average blood glucose control over 8-12 weeks, a non-fasting test
- Fasting plasma glucose (FPG): measures blood glucose after an overnight fast, a fasting test
- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): measures blood glucose after consuming a glucose solution, a fasting test
Diabetes Complications
- Macrovascular changes: affect large blood vessels (coronary, carotid, and femoral arteries)
- Microvascular changes: affect small blood vessels (capillaries)
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Occurs when fat is metabolized without insulin
- Lowers blood pH caused by ketoacidosis
- Associated with type 1 DM
Causes of Ketoacidosis
- Inadequte insulin
- Illnesses/infection
- Undiagnosed type 1
- Poor self-management
- Insulin omission
Symptoms of Ketoacidosis
- Polydipsia, polyuria, dehydration, fatigue, weight loss, and bedwetting in children
Ketoacidosis Management
- IV fluids, electrolyte replacement, short-acting insulin
- Monitoring of neuro and renal status
Insulin Types
- Rapid acting, short acting, intermediate acting, long acting, and mixed combinations
- Rapid and short acting are typically given around meals
- Intermediate-acting is often given once daily at bedtime or at mealtimes
- Long-acting is typically used once per day
Hypoglycemia
- Condition of low blood sugar
- Causes: exercise, skipping meals, too much insulin
- Symptoms: pale, cool, clammy skin, diaphoresis, blood glucose below 4 mmol/L
Hyperglycemia
- Condition of high blood sugar
- Associated with Dawn phenomenon, waning insulin levels, and Somogyi effect
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)
- Hyperglycemic state caused by insufficient insulin circulation
- Elevated blood glucose levels above 33.3 mmol/L
- Gradual onset, sometimes mistaken for a stroke
- Treatment: IV fluids, electrolytes, and insulin
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Description
Test your knowledge on the pancreas's exocrine and endocrine functions, including the roles of insulin and glucagon in metabolism. This quiz covers key concepts regarding diabetes mellitus and the physiological processes associated with glucose transport and regulation. Challenge yourself with questions that highlight the interconnectedness of hormone function and metabolic health.