Pancreas Functions and Metabolism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

  • Regulation of blood glucose levels
  • Secretion of several enzymes into the duodenum (correct)
  • Secretion of glucagon
  • Production of insulin
  • Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin?

  • Acinar cells
  • Beta cells (correct)
  • Delta cells
  • Alpha cells
  • What is the effect of insulin on lipid metabolism?

  • Increases fat breakdown
  • Decreases glucose uptake
  • Promotes fat storage (correct)
  • Inhibits protein synthesis
  • What is the primary role of glucagon?

    <p>Increase blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the brain's requirement for insulin is correct?

    <p>The brain solely requires glucose for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by insufficient insulin secretion and decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?

    <p>Hypoglycemic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Combination of genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plasma glucose level indicates diabetes during an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?

    <p>11.1 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a macrovascular complication of diabetes?

    <p>Accelerated atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes microvascular changes in diabetes?

    <p>Thickening of vessel membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of ketosis in the absence of insulin?

    <p>Metabolism of fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key determinant of ketoacidosis?

    <p>Increased acidity in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range is typical for the onset of Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>11-13 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of diabetes cases does Type 1 diabetes typically comprise?

    <p>5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Severe headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an insulin pump?

    <p>To administer small doses of SC insulin at regular intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the onset time for bolus (rapid-acting) insulin?

    <p>10-15 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin is not administered with meals?

    <p>Long-acting insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with hypoglycemia?

    <p>Pale, cool, clammy skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes pseudo-hypoglycemia from true hypoglycemia?

    <p>Normal blood sugar despite symptoms of hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct method of administering mixed combination insulin?

    <p>15-45 minutes prior to a meal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Skipped meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the onset of short-acting insulin?

    <p>30-45 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a way to characterize ketoacidosis?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common precipitating factor for ketoacidosis?

    <p>Inadequate insulin dosage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with ketoacidosis?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which management strategy is essential for treating ketoacidosis?

    <p>Electrolyte replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding insulin obtained from recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>It is nearly identical to human insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of insulin is classified as rapid acting?

    <p>Lispro</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to administer insulin?

    <p>Syringe or pen injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does insulin play in correcting hyperkalemia?

    <p>It helps to lower potassium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Biguanides in diabetes treatment?

    <p>Decreases production and release of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect commonly associated with Biguanides?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incretin enhancers primarily mimic the effects of which of the following hormones?

    <p>Incretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common suffix associated with Glinides?

    <p>-glinide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended timing for taking Glinides in relation to meals?

    <p>Shortly before meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following adverse effects is associated with Incretin enhancers?

    <p>Stevens Johnson Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of Sulfonylureas in diabetes management?

    <p>Stimulates insulin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following suffixes is associated with Sulfonylureas?

    <p>-ride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of gradual onset diabetes?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of gestational diabetes?

    <p>Glucose intolerance during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for gestational diabetes?

    <p>History of hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antihyperglycemics acts by interfering with carbohydrate breakdown and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect associated with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

    <p>Flatulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should alpha-glucosidase inhibitors be taken to maximize effectiveness?

    <p>With the first bite of meals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classes of antihyperglycemics does NOT include a drug that is teratogenic?

    <p>Biguanides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option represents a risk factor specifically related to pregnancy for gestational diabetes?

    <p>History of stillbirth or large gestational age baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pancreas Functions

    • Two main functions: exocrine and endocrine
    • Exocrine function: secretion of enzymes into the duodenum aiding nutrient digestion
    • Endocrine function:
      • Islets of Langerhans
      • Secretion of glucagon/insulin
      • Alpha cells secrete glucagon
      • Beta cells secrete insulin

    Insulin Effects

    • Affects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
    • Aids in glucose transport: activates insulin receptors causing cellular uptake of glucose
    • Hypoglycemic effect: reduces blood glucose levels

    Insulin Roles

    • Essential in glucose transport
    • Hypoglycemic agent, causing glucose reduction in blood

    Glucagon Role

    • Antagonist to insulin
    • Released when blood glucose is low to maintain blood glucose levels between meals

    Diabetes Mellitus

    • Metabolic disorder
    • Pathophysiology: insufficient insulin secretion, decreased insulin receptor sensitivity
    • Etiology: combination of genetic and environmental factors like lifestyle and diet

    Liver and Pancreas in DM

    • Liver and pancreas regulate the body's fuel supply
    • Important for tissues to have sufficient energy to function

    Blood Glucose Levels

    • Normal fasting blood glucose: 4-7 mmol/L, 2 hours after meals: 5-10 mmol/L
    • 2/3 of glucose is stored in liver and muscles as glycogen

    Glucose Levels Between Meals

    • When low, glycogen is broken down via glycogenolysis to release glucose in the blood

    Insulin Physiological Actions

    • Promotes glucose entry into cells
    • Stores glucose in the form of glycogen
    • Inhibits fat and glycogen breakdown

    Diabetes Testing Methods

    • Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C): measures average blood glucose control over 8-12 weeks, a non-fasting test
    • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG): measures blood glucose after an overnight fast, a fasting test
    • Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): measures blood glucose after consuming a glucose solution, a fasting test

    Diabetes Complications

    • Macrovascular changes: affect large blood vessels (coronary, carotid, and femoral arteries)
    • Microvascular changes: affect small blood vessels (capillaries)

    Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

    • Occurs when fat is metabolized without insulin
    • Lowers blood pH caused by ketoacidosis
    • Associated with type 1 DM

    Causes of Ketoacidosis

    • Inadequte insulin
    • Illnesses/infection
    • Undiagnosed type 1
    • Poor self-management
    • Insulin omission

    Symptoms of Ketoacidosis

    • Polydipsia, polyuria, dehydration, fatigue, weight loss, and bedwetting in children

    Ketoacidosis Management

    • IV fluids, electrolyte replacement, short-acting insulin
    • Monitoring of neuro and renal status

    Insulin Types

    • Rapid acting, short acting, intermediate acting, long acting, and mixed combinations
    • Rapid and short acting are typically given around meals
    • Intermediate-acting is often given once daily at bedtime or at mealtimes
    • Long-acting is typically used once per day

    Hypoglycemia

    • Condition of low blood sugar
    • Causes: exercise, skipping meals, too much insulin
    • Symptoms: pale, cool, clammy skin, diaphoresis, blood glucose below 4 mmol/L

    Hyperglycemia

    • Condition of high blood sugar
    • Associated with Dawn phenomenon, waning insulin levels, and Somogyi effect

    Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

    • Hyperglycemic state caused by insufficient insulin circulation
    • Elevated blood glucose levels above 33.3 mmol/L
    • Gradual onset, sometimes mistaken for a stroke
    • Treatment: IV fluids, electrolytes, and insulin

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the pancreas's exocrine and endocrine functions, including the roles of insulin and glucagon in metabolism. This quiz covers key concepts regarding diabetes mellitus and the physiological processes associated with glucose transport and regulation. Challenge yourself with questions that highlight the interconnectedness of hormone function and metabolic health.

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