Pancreas Functions and Metabolism Quiz

The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.

Secretes enzymes for nutrient digestion into the duodenum.

Secretes hormones (glucagon and insulin) from Islets of Langerhans.

Affects carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Facilitates glucose transport into cells and lowers blood sugar.

The brain does not require insulin to transport glucose.

Raises blood glucose levels when needed.

A metabolic disorder due to insufficient insulin secretion or reduced sensitivity to insulin.

A test to diagnose diabetes, where a high glucose load is ingested, and blood sugar levels are measured 2 hours later.

A plasma glucose level of 11.1 mmol/L or higher indicates diabetes during an OGTT.

Damage to large blood vessels (coronary, carotid, femoral) due to accelerated atherosclerosis.

Damage to small blood vessels (capillaries, arterioles) due to thickening of vessel membranes caused by chronic high blood glucose.

The breakdown of fats for energy in the absence of insulin, leading to the buildup of ketones.

A serious condition resulting from ketosis, where the buildup of ketones lowers blood pH.

Usually occurs in children (11-13 years) or young adults (early adulthood).

An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks and destroys pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute lack of insulin.

An insulin pump is an abdominally implanted device that delivers small, programmed doses of insulin throughout the day, with larger doses for meals.

Rapid-acting insulin takes effect in 10-15 minutes.

Short-acting insulin starts working in 30 minutes.

Intermediate-acting insulin takes effect in 1-3 hours.

Long-acting insulin takes effect in 90 minutes.

Hypoglycemia is when you have too much insulin and not enough glucose available.

Hypoglycemia can result from skipping meals, engaging in excessive exercise or taking too much insulin.

Symptoms include pale skin, clammy feeling, sweating, blood sugar below 4mmol/L and sudden onset.

Common symptoms include: frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue, frequent infections, and slow-healing sores.

Glucose intolerance that develops during pregnancy, usually during the second or third trimester.

Common risk factors include family history, previous history of gestational diabetes, obesity, advanced maternal age, multiple pregnancies, and history of stillbirth or miscarriage.

Typically managed through diet and exercise modifications.

Medications used to manage type 2 diabetes by improving insulin production, sensitivity, or glucose absorption.

A class of oral antidiabetic drugs that slow down the breakdown of carbohydrates in the small intestine, reducing the absorption of glucose.

Common side effects can include flatulence, diarrhea, and abdominal distention. May also increase risk of hypoglycemia when used in conjunction with other medications.

Ketoacidosis is triggered by factors like illness, infection, inadequate insulin dosage, insulin omission, undiagnosed type 1 diabetes, or poor self-management.

Symptoms of ketoacidosis include excessive thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), dehydration, fatigue, weight loss, and high blood sugar (above 14 mmol/L).

Managing ketoacidosis requires IV fluids, electrolyte replacement, short-acting insulin (IV), and continuous monitoring of neurological status, fluid balance, blood glucose, electrolytes, and cardiovascular/respiratory functions.

Most human insulin is produced through modern DNA technology.

Insulin can be helpful when addressing high potassium levels exceeding 6.0 mmol/L.

Rapid-acting insulin types include lispro and aspart.

Short-acting insulin is represented by regular insulin.

Insulin administration involves subcutaneous injections or insulin pumps.

Decreases glucose production and release from the liver. Increases glucose uptake by cells. Reduces lipid levels and promotes weight loss.

Common adverse effects include flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, anorexia, abdominal pain, metallic taste, and lactic acidosis.

Incretin enhancers typically have the suffixes '-tide' or '-liptin'.

Mimics the effects of incretin, a hormone that slows down glucose production and digestion, ultimately leading to increased insulin levels and satiety.

Glinides typically have the suffix '-glinide'.

Stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.

Sulfonylureas typically have the suffix '-ride'.

Stimulates insulin release and decreases insulin resistance in the body.