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Questions and Answers
Which type of hormones act on plasma membrane receptors?
Which type of hormones act on plasma membrane receptors?
- Lipid-soluble hormones
- Water-soluble hormones (correct)
- Thyroid hormones
- Steroid hormones
What is the mechanism of action for lipid-soluble hormones like steroids?
What is the mechanism of action for lipid-soluble hormones like steroids?
- Act on plasma membrane receptors
- Act on intracellular receptors to directly activate genes (correct)
- Act through G protein second messengers
- Cannot enter the cell
Which function is NOT associated with hormones?
Which function is NOT associated with hormones?
- Mitosis
- Secretion
- Memory formation (correct)
- Synthesis of materials
What type of feedback system regulates hormone levels to maintain balance?
What type of feedback system regulates hormone levels to maintain balance?
Which of the following hormones can enter the cell?
Which of the following hormones can enter the cell?
What is the target location of water-soluble hormones' action?
What is the target location of water-soluble hormones' action?
Which gland stores and releases hormones made by the Hypothalamus?
Which gland stores and releases hormones made by the Hypothalamus?
What is the function of Oxytocin?
What is the function of Oxytocin?
Which hormone is responsible for keeping water in the body?
Which hormone is responsible for keeping water in the body?
What is the effect of having high levels of T4 due to hyperthyroidism?
What is the effect of having high levels of T4 due to hyperthyroidism?
What does TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone) target?
What does TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone) target?
What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?
What is a common symptom of hypothyroidism?
What is the primary function of hormones in the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of hormones in the endocrine system?
Which type of stimulation triggers the production of insulin by the pancreas?
Which type of stimulation triggers the production of insulin by the pancreas?
What is the main role of hormone receptors in the body?
What is the main role of hormone receptors in the body?
Which gland is responsible for producing hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands?
Which gland is responsible for producing hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands?
What is the relationship between hypothalamic hormones and pituitary gland function?
What is the relationship between hypothalamic hormones and pituitary gland function?
Which physiological process is NOT directly influenced by hormones?
Which physiological process is NOT directly influenced by hormones?
Which type of diabetes is characterized by hyposecretion of insulin?
Which type of diabetes is characterized by hyposecretion of insulin?
What is the function of insulin in the body?
What is the function of insulin in the body?
Which hormone is secreted by adrenal cortical hormones in response to stressors?
Which hormone is secreted by adrenal cortical hormones in response to stressors?
What is the function of glucagon in the body?
What is the function of glucagon in the body?
Which gland secretes melatonin and affects day/night cycles?
Which gland secretes melatonin and affects day/night cycles?
Which hormone prepares the body for pregnancy?
Which hormone prepares the body for pregnancy?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating osteoclasts to breakdown bone to release calcium into the blood?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating osteoclasts to breakdown bone to release calcium into the blood?
What is the main metabolic effect of cortisol?
What is the main metabolic effect of cortisol?
Which adrenal gland hormone primarily targets the kidneys to retain sodium and water, while increasing potassium excretion?
Which adrenal gland hormone primarily targets the kidneys to retain sodium and water, while increasing potassium excretion?
Which hormone is responsible for inducing gluconeogenesis in the liver?
Which hormone is responsible for inducing gluconeogenesis in the liver?
What is the primary effect of adrenal gland catecholamines on blood vessels?
What is the primary effect of adrenal gland catecholamines on blood vessels?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood pressure by promoting sodium retention and indirectly water retention?
Which hormone is responsible for increasing blood pressure by promoting sodium retention and indirectly water retention?
What is the consequence of Congenital Hypothyroidism if not promptly treated?
What is the consequence of Congenital Hypothyroidism if not promptly treated?
Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
Which cells in the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?
What is the function of calcitonin?
What is the function of calcitonin?
What stimulates the production of calcitonin in the thyroid gland?
What stimulates the production of calcitonin in the thyroid gland?
If a person has a congenital hypothyroid condition, what therapy is typically needed for treatment?
If a person has a congenital hypothyroid condition, what therapy is typically needed for treatment?
What is the role of colloid in the thyroid gland?
What is the role of colloid in the thyroid gland?
Where are parafollicular cells located in relation to thyroid follicles?
Where are parafollicular cells located in relation to thyroid follicles?
Which condition is characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones at birth?
Which condition is characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones at birth?
What is the potential consequence if Congenital Hypothyroidism is left untreated?
What is the potential consequence if Congenital Hypothyroidism is left untreated?
Which component in the colloid is important for thyroid hormone synthesis?
Which component in the colloid is important for thyroid hormone synthesis?
What is the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of duration of effects?
What is the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of duration of effects?
Which type of stimulation is triggered by blood levels and exemplified by the production of insulin in the pancreas?
Which type of stimulation is triggered by blood levels and exemplified by the production of insulin in the pancreas?
In the endocrine system, what is required in order for a hormone to have an effect on a particular place in the body?
In the endocrine system, what is required in order for a hormone to have an effect on a particular place in the body?
Which component allows hydrophobic hormones to travel through the blood stream?
Which component allows hydrophobic hormones to travel through the blood stream?
What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?
What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the body?
Which adrenal gland zone secretes mineralocorticoids that target the kidneys to retain sodium?
Which adrenal gland zone secretes mineralocorticoids that target the kidneys to retain sodium?
What is the main metabolic effect of cortisol in the body?
What is the main metabolic effect of cortisol in the body?
Which hormone, when hypersecreted, leads to symptoms like moon face and weight gain?
Which hormone, when hypersecreted, leads to symptoms like moon face and weight gain?
What is the primary function of adrenal gland catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine?
What is the primary function of adrenal gland catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone for calcium release into the blood?
Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone for calcium release into the blood?
Which adrenal gland zone secretes glucocorticoids that inhibit inflammation and depress the immune system?
Which adrenal gland zone secretes glucocorticoids that inhibit inflammation and depress the immune system?
What is the main effect of mineralocorticoid aldosterone on the kidneys?
What is the main effect of mineralocorticoid aldosterone on the kidneys?
Which hormone prepares the body for stressful situations by increasing heart rate and blood glucose levels?
Which hormone prepares the body for stressful situations by increasing heart rate and blood glucose levels?
What is the purpose of glucocorticoids like cortisol in the body?
What is the purpose of glucocorticoids like cortisol in the body?
What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels in the body?
What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels in the body?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the Thyroid to produce more hormones?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the Thyroid to produce more hormones?
What is the condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland?
What is the condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland?
What is the hormone that targets the Adrenal Cortex to produce its own hormones?
What is the hormone that targets the Adrenal Cortex to produce its own hormones?
Which hormone is known as the 'pleasure hormone' and is responsible for stimulating milk release from mammary glands?
Which hormone is known as the 'pleasure hormone' and is responsible for stimulating milk release from mammary glands?
What disorder is characterized by excessive T4 production due to the thyroid working too much?
What disorder is characterized by excessive T4 production due to the thyroid working too much?
Which hormone stimulates bones and muscles to undergo mitosis?
Which hormone stimulates bones and muscles to undergo mitosis?
Which hormone is involved in water retention in the kidneys?
Which hormone is involved in water retention in the kidneys?
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Study Notes
Hormone Types and Mechanisms
- Peptide and protein hormones act on plasma membrane receptors.
- Lipid-soluble hormones like steroids act by binding to intracellular receptors, which then act as transcription factors.
Hormone Regulation and Feedback
- Negative feedback systems regulate hormone levels to maintain balance.
- Hypothalamic hormones stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland, which in turn regulates other endocrine glands.
Hormone Functions and Glands
- Oxytocin stimulates milk release from mammary glands and uterine contractions.
- Vasopressin (ADH) keeps water in the body by regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys.
- Hypothalamus stores and releases hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
- Pineal gland secretes melatonin, affecting day/night cycles.
- Insulin stimulates glucose uptake in cells, lowering blood glucose levels.
Thyroid Hormones
- T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) regulate metabolism.
- Hyperthyroidism (high T4 levels) can cause weight loss, anxiety, and tremors.
- Hypothyroidism (low T4 levels) can cause fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.
- Calcitonin, produced by thyroid gland cells, lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption.
Adrenal Gland Hormones
- Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, stimulates gluconeogenesis, suppressing the immune system and aiding in stress response.
- Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) target the kidneys to retain sodium and water, increasing potassium excretion.
- Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) stimulate the "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate and blood glucose levels.
Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Regulation
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.
Endocrine System Characteristics
- Hormones have a slower and more sustained effect compared to the nervous system.
- Hormones require a specific receptor on target cells to have an effect.
- Lipid-soluble hormones can travel through the bloodstream bound to proteins.
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