Endocrine Emergencies: Diabetes Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential result of hyperglycemia in diabetic emergencies?

  • Ketoacidosis (correct)
  • Seizure
  • Fruity breath
  • Hypotension

    • What is the defined blood sugar level for hypoglycemia in individuals under 12 years old?

  • Less than 60 mg/dl
  • Less than 70 mg/dl
  • Less than 100 mg/dl
  • Less than 50 mg/dl (correct)

    • What common symptom is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

  • Elevated blood pressure
  • Increased thirst (correct)
  • Excessive sweating
  • Rapid weight loss

    • What should be monitored closely when administering IM glucagon?

    <p>Airway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common complication arising from a lack of insulin in type 1 diabetes?

    <p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of glucagon when administered for hypoglycemia?

    <p>Vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Type 1 diabetes patients are unable to produce insulin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended first step in managing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

    <p>Correct dehydration with IV fluids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Addison's disease associated with in terms of adrenal gland function?

    <p>Insufficient hormone production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes how insulin functions?

    <p>It stimulates cells to take up glucose for energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does glucagon play in the body?

    <p>It stimulates the liver to release glucose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>A metabolic state caused by insufficient insulin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used to treat hypoglycemia?

    <p>Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main characteristics of type 2 diabetes?

    <p>Ability to produce insulin but insulin resistance is present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complications might arise from diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the prevalence of diabetes types is accurate?

    <p>Type 2 diabetes is the majority form of diabetes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Type 1 Diabetes

    A type of diabetes where the body does not produce insulin.

    Type 2 Diabetes

    A type of diabetes where the body produces insulin but doesn't use it properly.

    Insulin

    A hormone that helps cells absorb glucose from the blood.

    Glucose

    The main fuel for cells.

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    Hypoglycemia

    Low blood sugar.

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    Dextrose

    A form of glucose used to treat low blood sugar.

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    Glucagon

    A hormone that raises blood sugar.

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    Diabetic Ketoacidosis

    A serious complication of diabetes.

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    Hypoglycemia Definition

    Low blood sugar (less than a threshold value).

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    Hypoglycemia Treatment (no IV)

    IM glucagon is the treatment if IV access is unavailable.

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    Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Cause

    Lack of insulin, leading to high blood glucose and the breakdown of fats into ketones.

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    DKA Symptoms

    Increased thirst, urination, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), vomiting, and fruity breath.

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    DKA Management

    Correct dehydration and acidosis with IV fluids and insulin.

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    DKA Patient Timing

    Slow onset issues? Treat slowly. Fast onset issues? Quick correction.

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    Adrenal Insufficiency Cause

    Body's failure to produce enough specific hormones from the adrenal glands.

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    Adrenal Insufficiency Description

    Adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys; responsible for producing crucial hormones.

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    Study Notes

    Endocrine Emergencies

    • Diabetes is a common disease caused by a dysfunctional pancreas.
    • Insulin is needed to convert sugars into energy for the body.
    • Diabetes exists in two forms: Type 1 and Type 2.

    Type 1 Diabetes

    • Individuals with type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin.
    • Their bodies' cells cannot absorb sugar for energy.
    • Sugar is the main fuel source for cells in the body.
    • Cells cannot function without sugar.

    Type 2 Diabetes

    • Individuals with type 2 diabetes can produce insulin.
    • Insulin is not used effectively by the body, known as insulin resistance.
    • Most people with diabetes have type 2.

    Diabetes Differences

    • Type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented or cured.
    • Type 1 diabetes requires lifelong insulin injections.
    • Type 2 diabetes can sometimes be prevented or managed through lifestyle changes.
    • Type 2 diabetes may sometimes require insulin injections.

    Insulin

    • Insulin is used in type 1 diabetes (and sometimes in type 2).
    • Insulin stimulates cells to absorb glucose.
    • It lowers blood sugar levels.
    • Different types of insulin have various onset and duration times.

    Diabetic Emergencies

    • Hyperglycemia: high blood sugar, potentially causing ketoacidosis
    • Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar, potentially causing seizures or coma

    Hypoglycemia

    • Defined as a blood sugar level lower than 4mmol/l or 72mg/dl.
    • Three types: mild, moderate, and severe.
    • Mild to moderate hypoglycemia: patients can treat themselves.
    • Severe hypoglycemia requires assistance from a third party (friend, relative or ambulance).

    Hypoglycemia Treatment

    • Conscious patients: use oral glucose (gel or tablet). Glucose gel is easier to tolerate than glucose tablets.
    • Unconscious patients: require parenteral administration of glucose (IV).
      • 500 ml pack of 10% solution
      • Adults > 12 years: 10 grams IV/IO
      • Dose repeated every 5 minutes.
      • Maximum dose: 30 grams or 300 ml
    • If IV access is not possible, administer IM glucagon.

    Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

    • Most common in type 1 diabetes patients.
    • Caused by a lack of insulin.
    • Insufficient insulin prevents cells from using glucose.
    • Glucose levels in the blood rise.
    • Starved cells break down fat, producing ketones (acid chemicals).
    • Symptoms include increased thirst, increased urination, tachycardia, vomiting, and fruity breath.

    DKA Management

    • Correct dehydration and acidosis with IV fluids and insulin.
    • Fluid replacement needs to be slow.
    • Correct conditions (quickly developing) and situations (slowly developing) promptly.
    • Only administer fluids if signs of circulatory failure or dehydration exist.
    • Symptomatic hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dl or 13.9 mmol/l) requires treatment.

    Acute Adrenal Insufficiency

    • Adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys.
    • They produce and secrete several important hormones.
    • Addison's disease occurs when the body cannot produce sufficient hormones.
    • Hydrocortisone is the treatment (preferrably slow IV, IM if IV not accessible).

    Drug Revision

    • Glucose gel
    • Dextrose
    • Glucagon

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    Related Documents

    Week 9 Endocrine Emergencies 2022-2023 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the critical aspects of diabetes, including the distinctions between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, their causes, and management techniques. Learn about insulin's role in energy conversion and how lifestyle changes can impact disease management.

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