Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient experiences fatigue and dyspnea with ordinary physical activity, but is comfortable at rest. How would you classify this?
A patient experiences fatigue and dyspnea with ordinary physical activity, but is comfortable at rest. How would you classify this?
Which condition is most likely indicated by a painful, edematous, and red lower extremity after long-distance travel?
Which condition is most likely indicated by a painful, edematous, and red lower extremity after long-distance travel?
A smoker with hyperlipidemia experiences intermittent claudication. Which condition is most likely?
A smoker with hyperlipidemia experiences intermittent claudication. Which condition is most likely?
Which of the following is not a typical complication of PAD?
Which of the following is not a typical complication of PAD?
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Which of the following is not a typical symptom of mitral valve prolapse?
Which of the following is not a typical symptom of mitral valve prolapse?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a part of a routine diabetes mellitus screening?
Which of the following is NOT typically a part of a routine diabetes mellitus screening?
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Which of the following is a common initial presentation in patients with endocrine disorders?
Which of the following is a common initial presentation in patients with endocrine disorders?
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A patient experiencing unexplained weight loss, heat intolerance, and palpitations may be exhibiting symptoms of which condition?
A patient experiencing unexplained weight loss, heat intolerance, and palpitations may be exhibiting symptoms of which condition?
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A patient presents with firm, movable tissue under the nipple. This most likely indicates which condition?
A patient presents with firm, movable tissue under the nipple. This most likely indicates which condition?
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Which of the following is not a typical sign of hypothyroidism?
Which of the following is not a typical sign of hypothyroidism?
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Excessive hair growth on a female patient's face, chest, and back is most likely characteristic of what condition?
Excessive hair growth on a female patient's face, chest, and back is most likely characteristic of what condition?
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A patient is admitted with altered mental status, hypothermia, and respiratory depression. Which condition should be immediately suspected?
A patient is admitted with altered mental status, hypothermia, and respiratory depression. Which condition should be immediately suspected?
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A patient is diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. Which of the following is NOT a primary focus for their initial management?
A patient is diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. Which of the following is NOT a primary focus for their initial management?
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Which of the following characteristics is most concerning for male breast malignancy, compared to gynecomastia?
Which of the following characteristics is most concerning for male breast malignancy, compared to gynecomastia?
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A 42-year-old patient has a recent onset of atrial fibrillation and is hemodynamically stable. What immediate treatment strategy is unlikely to be indicated within the first 48 hours?
A 42-year-old patient has a recent onset of atrial fibrillation and is hemodynamically stable. What immediate treatment strategy is unlikely to be indicated within the first 48 hours?
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What is the primary underlying cause in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
What is the primary underlying cause in the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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Which triad is indicative of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Which triad is indicative of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
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What does 'pulsus paradoxus' refer to?
What does 'pulsus paradoxus' refer to?
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Which of these is a common cause of pulsus paradoxus?
Which of these is a common cause of pulsus paradoxus?
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Which of the following is considered a macrovascular complication associated with diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is considered a macrovascular complication associated with diabetes mellitus?
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A 50-year-old patient with a sedentary lifestyle is at greatest risk of developing which condition?
A 50-year-old patient with a sedentary lifestyle is at greatest risk of developing which condition?
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Which of the following is most likely to cause pulsus paradoxus?
Which of the following is most likely to cause pulsus paradoxus?
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Which of the following should a patient avoid 30 minutes before having their blood pressure measured?
Which of the following should a patient avoid 30 minutes before having their blood pressure measured?
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Which of these is NOT considered a macrovascular complication of hypertension?
Which of these is NOT considered a macrovascular complication of hypertension?
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A patient with a blood pressure reading of 190/130 mmHg without any signs of acute organ damage is experiencing which condition?
A patient with a blood pressure reading of 190/130 mmHg without any signs of acute organ damage is experiencing which condition?
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What is the primary cause of isolated systolic hypertension in older adults?
What is the primary cause of isolated systolic hypertension in older adults?
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A patient newly diagnosed with grade 1 hypertension should initially be recommended to do which of the following?
A patient newly diagnosed with grade 1 hypertension should initially be recommended to do which of the following?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical finding in a patient with severe left ventricular heart failure?
Which of the following is NOT a typical finding in a patient with severe left ventricular heart failure?
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According to the NYHA classification, which of the following best describes class 2 heart failure?
According to the NYHA classification, which of the following best describes class 2 heart failure?
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Study Notes
Endocrine Disorders
- Red flags: Unexplained weight changes, fatigue, changes in skin/hair/nail texture, polyuria, polydipsia, menstrual irregularities.
- Common complaints: Fatigue, unexplained weight gain/loss, increased thirst/urination, hair changes, mood swings.
- Gynecomastia: Enlargement of male breast tissue, often firm and movable tissue under the nipple.
- Hirsutism: Excessive hair growth in male-typical areas (face, chest, back), often due to elevated androgens.
- Management of hirsutism: Address underlying causes (e.g., PCOS, adrenal issues), consider hair removal options (laser, electrolysis), and/or medications (oral contraceptives, anti-androgens).
- Male breast malignancy: Palpable hard mass, often painless, may have skin changes (redness, dimpling) or nipple discharge.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 DM: Autoimmune disorder, pancreas produces little to no insulin, typically diagnosed in childhood/adolescence.
- Type 2 DM: Chronic condition, body resistant to insulin or pancreas doesn't produce enough, typically in adults.
- Microvascular complications: Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy.
- Macrovacular complications: Coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke).
- Diabetic ketoacidosis triad: Hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis (low pH), ketonuria.
- Differential diagnosis of Type 1: Diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, viral illnesses (flu), dehydration.
Clinical Recommendations for Diabetic Patients
- Monitor: Blood glucose levels.
- Adhere to: Medication regimen, balanced diet.
- Regularly: Exercise, manage stress.
Hypertension
- Definition: Blood pressure consistently above 130/80 mmHg.
- Instructions for patient before BP measurement: Rest for 5 minutes, avoid smoking, drinking coffee, caffeine, tobacco, and exercise 30 mins prior to measurement.
- Macrovacular complications: Stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral artery disease.
- Secondary hypertension: Elevated BP with identifiable causes, such as pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism, and renal vascular disease.
- Diagnosis: Confirm with at least two separate readings on different occasions, BP >130/90.
- Hypertensive urgency: BP >180/120 mmHg without evidence of acute target organ damage.
- Hypertensive emergency: BP >180/120 mmHg with evidence of acute organ damage (e.g., encephalopathy, renal injury).
Thyroid Disorders
- Red flags: Unexplained weight changes, fatigue, temperature sensitivity, mood changes, hair loss, neck swelling.
- Hyperthyroidism clinical presentation: Weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, palpitations, hyperactivity, increased appetite.
- Hypothyroidism clinical presentation: Weight gain, fatigue, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, depression, bradycardia.
Other Conditions
- Myxedema coma: Severe, life-threatening form of hypothyroidism, with altered mental status, hypothermia, and respiratory depression.
- Cushing's syndrome goal of treatment: Normalize cortisol levels, treat the underlying cause (e.g., tumor removal, medication adjustments).
- Common cardiac arrhythmia in the US: Atrial fibrillation (rapid, irregular heart rate due to disorganized electrical signals in the atria).
- Pulmonary cause of pulsus paradoxus: Asthma, emphysema (increased positive pressure).
- PAD: Peripheral artery disease (commonly associated with smoking and hyperlipidemia).
- Bacterial endocarditis: Signs and symptoms: Fever, heart murmur, embolic events like splinter hemorrhages, Janeway lesions, fatigue, and weight loss.
- Mitral valve prolapse: Palpitations, chest pain, dyspnea, and fatigue, best treatment: reassurance, monitoring, consideration of beta-blockers for palpitations.
- Risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, family history, obesity, and physical inactivity.
- Isolated systolic hypertension: Arterial stiffness due to aging, which leads to increased systolic blood pressure.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts about endocrine disorders and diabetes mellitus, including symptoms, common complaints, and management strategies. It highlights conditions like gynecomastia and hirsutism, as well as the distinctions between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Test your knowledge of these important topics in health and medicine.
