ch 28

Which of the following is NOT typically a secondary condition associated with end-stage chronic kidney disease?

Electrolyte imbalance is a common secondary condition in end-stage chronic kidney disease.

Define renal osteodystrophy and explain its relevance to chronic kidney disease.

______ is a life-threatening condition related to potassium levels that can cause cardiac arrest/death.

Match the secondary conditions with their related physiological imbalances in end-stage chronic kidney disease:

Azotemia, a condition associated with end-stage chronic kidney disease, is characterized by:

Depression is not typically observed as a secondary condition in patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease.

How does end-stage chronic kidney disease contribute to the development of hypertension?

Which secondary condition of end-stage chronic kidney disease directly poses an immediate, life-threatening risk related to cardiac function?

In renal osteodystrophy, the failing kidneys are unable to activate vitamin ______, needed for calcium absorption.

What is the primary reason for anemia in end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?

Uremia in ESRD can extend the lifespan of red blood cells.

List three common symptoms associated with anemia in ESRD.

Renal osteodystrophy occurs because the kidneys fail to regulate __________ and __________, leading to weak bones.

In renal osteodystrophy, what hormonal change leads to bone breakdown?

Match each condition with its primary cause in ESRD:

High phosphorus and high calcium levels lead to increased parathyroid hormone in ESRD

Which electrolyte imbalance contributes to increased parathyroid hormone release in renal osteodystrophy?

If a patient with ESRD experiences both anemia and renal osteodystrophy, what are the two main underlying issues related to kidney function?

The increased levels of parathyroid hormone in renal osteodystrophy directly contribute to __________ __________ .

What is the nature of nephron loss in chronic kidney disease?

Hypertension is not considered a common cause of chronic kidney disease.

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease?

__________is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease.

Which of the following conditions or factors is NOT listed as a common cause of chronic kidney disease?

Chronic kidney disease always leads to complete kidney failure within a year of diagnosis.

Which of the following conditions is an inflammatory condition of the kidney and may lead to chronic kidney disease?

Which age group is at higher risk for chronic kidney disease?

Besides diabetes and hypertension, name one other common cause of chronic kidney disease.

Damage from chronic kidney disease is partially reversible with proper treatment and care.

In the prodromal phase of acute tubular necrosis, what changes are typically observed in serum BUN and creatinine levels?

During the oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis, urine output typically increases significantly.

What is the primary characteristic of the postoliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis regarding kidney function and urine output?

In the oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis, fluid retention, hyperkalemia, and __________ occur due to toxic waste buildup.

Which phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by kidneys starting to recover, leading to increased urine output?

The duration of the prodromal phase of acute tubular necrosis is independent of the severity of the initial kidney injury.

What is a common clinical intervention that might be required during the oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis?

During which phase of acute tubular necrosis does urine output typically drop to between 50-400 mL/day?

In acute tabular necrosis, the increase in urine output during the kidneys recovery is also refered as __________ phase.

Match each phase of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) with its corresponding characteristic:

Ischemia directly leads to acute tubular necrosis.

A lack of blood supply, known as __________, can result in acute damage to kidney tubules.

What is the primary consequence of ischemia in the context of kidney tubules?

Briefly explain how ischemia results in acute tubular necrosis.

Match the term with its description:

Which condition is characterized by damage and death of tubular cells in the kidneys due to insufficient blood supply?

Acute tubular necrosis can occur independently of ischemia.

If a patient's kidney tubules are found to be damaged due to a lack of oxygen, which condition likely occurred?

The process of cell death from ischemia leading to acute tubular necrosis, highlights the kidney's vulnerability to _______ deprivation.

Differentiate between ischemia and acute tubular necrosis.

Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with prerenal AKI?

Prolonged postrenal AKI can lead to acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and irreversible kidney damage.

__________ AKI is often caused by direct kidney damage from infections, toxins, or ischemia.

What is the primary mechanism by which vascular injury leads to kidney damage in intrinsic/intrarenal AKI?

Match the type of AKI with its primary cause:

List three common causes of prerenal AKI.

High urine osmolality is commonly associated with postrenal AKI.

Which of the following is a common cause of postrenal AKI?

In intrinsic/intrarenal AKI, __________ injury leads to inflammation, casts blocking urine flow, and backleak of filtrate.

What is the most common cause of Intrinsic/Intrarenal AKI?