EMT Determination of Death Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following signs indicates that resuscitation should not be attempted on a trauma victim?

Tissue decomposition

Decapitation injury (correct)

Fixed and dilated pupils (correct)

Asystole

What is the minimum downtime suspected for resuscitation to be ruled out due to asystole and other conditions?

15 minutes

20 minutes

45 minutes

30 minutes (correct)

What should remain the highest priority when determining if a patient is dead or non-salvageable?

Presence of any valid DNRO (correct)

Personal beliefs of the EMS personnel

Time of the call to medical direction

The possibility of organ harvesting

In the case of suspected hypothermia, what should be done if the patient shows injuries incompatible with life?

Not attempt resuscitation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions requires full ALS resuscitation according to the guidelines?

Suspected barbiturate overdose Signup and view all the answers

What are the considerations when performing bilateral needle decompression on a patient?

Pulses must be regained immediately Signup and view all the answers

What should EMS personnel do if there is any doubt about leaving a patient at the scene?

Begin resuscitation and transport Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a presumptive sign of death that prohibits resuscitation on a trauma victim?

Rigor mortis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Medical Intelligence officer during a Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)?

To provide decontamination information and treatment for WMD events Signup and view all the answers

Which level of MCI corresponds to 21-100 victims?

MCI Level 3 Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the classification of an MCI?

The number of victims and initial size-up Signup and view all the answers

During an MCI, what is one action that Medical Control (Medcom) must take?

Gather information about hospitals’ capabilities Signup and view all the answers

How many ALS Transport Units are required for an MCI Level 4 incident?

10 units Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Command officer play during an MCI?

Designated as ‘Command’ by the first arriving officer Signup and view all the answers

What is a Strike Team defined as in the context of an MCI?

Five units of the same type including common leader Signup and view all the answers

What should happen when the closest trauma centers are overwhelmed during an MCI?

Victims should be diverted to the nearest non-trauma centers Signup and view all the answers

How many hospitals are notified during an MCI Level 5 incident?

20 hospitals Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between a Task Force and a Strike Team?

Strike Team includes different types of units Signup and view all the answers

In an MCI, which best describes the role of the Public Information Officer?

To provide information to the public and media Signup and view all the answers

What communication aspect is emphasized for an MCI response?

Using common communications for all units Signup and view all the answers

What is typically included in the MCI Level 2 response?

6 ALS Transport Units and 3 Suppression Units Signup and view all the answers

What must be announced over the radio if a hazard is identified during helicopter operations?

Abort.Abort.Abort Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with IV poles before personnel approach the helicopter?

Lower them to prevent them from becoming hazards Signup and view all the answers

Who can approach the helicopter without being accompanied by a flight crew member?

No one at all Signup and view all the answers

When is it acceptable for hospital staff to approach the helicopter upon arrival?

When the flight crew directs them to approach Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of personnel required to move a patient to the helicopter after preparation?

Three personnel Signup and view all the answers

What must personnel inform the patient about before loading them onto the helicopter?

That the helicopter will be loud and hot Signup and view all the answers

What must all ground personnel do after loading a patient into the helicopter?

Leave the landing zone area immediately as a unit Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a requirement for personnel involved in loading or offloading the patient?

Carrying communication devices Signup and view all the answers

What situation requires the assistance of a fire department for a landing zone?

An inter-facility patient transfer between hospitals Signup and view all the answers

In an Active Shooter Hostile Event Response, what is one of the primary goals of the Contact Team?

Neutralize the threat and locate suspects Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Concealment' refer to in the context of emergency response?

Hiding from observation to ensure safety Signup and view all the answers

What type of incidents require tactical and strategic decisions to be left to the Incident Commander?

Catastrophic events involving the helicopter Signup and view all the answers

What is one essential piece of personal protective equipment listed for ballistic protection?

Ballistic vest Signup and view all the answers

What is a Casualty Collection Point (CCP) primarily used for?

Gathering and triaging nearby casualties Signup and view all the answers

What should EMS personnel do if law enforcement personnel deny access to a potential crime scene?

Notify the EMS Agency Supervisor and complete an incident report Signup and view all the answers

When approaching a potential crime scene, what is the minimum action required by EMS personnel?

Only authorized EMS personnel should enter to minimize disturbance Signup and view all the answers

What should EMS personnel avoid doing when dealing with a victim at a crime scene?

Cover the body with a sheet Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is an Air Rescue response required?

For a Level 1 trauma patient with a ground transport time greater than 20 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consideration for determining the landing zone for Air Rescue?

Proximity to the nearest hospital Signup and view all the answers

What should on-scene personnel do if resuscitation efforts are necessary?

Transfer the victim to the vehicle and stabilize while en route Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct protocol regarding the patient's clothing at a crime scene?

Leave clothing intact unless it hinders care Signup and view all the answers

What information must be communicated to Air Rescue personnel as soon as possible?

The patient's status and weight Signup and view all the answers

When should the request for Air Rescue be made?

As soon as it is determined that Air Rescue response may be necessary Signup and view all the answers

What action must be avoided when EMS personnel are on a crime scene?

Handling any objects at the scene Signup and view all the answers

How should EMS personnel communicate with the Air Rescue team?

Through a tactical channel assigned by Incident Command Signup and view all the answers

What should be the minimum area for a designated landing zone for Air Rescue?

100 feet by 100 feet Signup and view all the answers

What must personnel actively secure during helicopter landing and takeoff?

A designated marshaller Signup and view all the answers

What should EMS personnel do if a patient informs them about details of a crime while in transport?

Inform law enforcement personnel immediately Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action to take when responding to a mass casualty incident?

Remain in a safe, fixed, and visible location. Signup and view all the answers

What should be established if unknown victims are present at a mass casualty incident?

Initiate an MCI level 2. Signup and view all the answers

Which position is responsible for ensuring communication with Medical Control regarding victim transport?

Medical Communications Coordinator Signup and view all the answers

Who coordinates victims' transport and maintains records relating to their injuries and destinations?

Transport Officer Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the incident involves a known or suspected weapon of mass destruction?

Refer to WMD FOG #8 and designate a Medical Intelligence Officer. Signup and view all the answers

Which role ensures proper security and traffic control at the incident site?

Medical Branch Officer Signup and view all the answers

How should the Medical Communication Coordinator report on the situation to Medical Control?

By summarizing injuries, victim categories, and special needs. Signup and view all the answers

When should a Medical Branch be designated during an MCI?

During large-scale or complex incidents. Signup and view all the answers

What should the Transport Officer do first upon arriving at the scene?

Establish a victim loading area. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Medical Resource Coordination Center (MRCC)?

To maintain status information and coordinate transportation. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of MCI, what does 'Triage' specifically refer to?

Assigning victims based on their severity of injuries. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical first step after establishing a Triage Officer during an MCI?

Ensure that Triage, Treatment, and Transport have been established. Signup and view all the answers

What should be communicated to the Communications Center after triage is complete?

The number of victims and their categories. Signup and view all the answers

Which role is NOT explicitly mentioned in the context of handling a mass casualty incident?

Security Officer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the Staging Officer during a Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)?

Manage all activities within the staging area Signup and view all the answers

What should be maintained in the staging area to log the incoming units?

Unit Staging Log #7A Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following supplies is NOT included in the MCI kits for responder vehicles?

Infant oxygen masks Signup and view all the answers

How many triage tags should be available for an MCI as per the guidelines?

50 Signup and view all the answers

When should additional transport vehicles be requested during an MCI?

After a reserve of at least two transport vehicles is depleted Signup and view all the answers

In the JumpSTART triage system, what action should be taken for infants who are developmentally unable to walk?

They may be triaged as Green if no significant injuries are evident. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Incident Commander at the conclusion of an incident?

Assemble all pertinent documentation Signup and view all the answers

During secondary triage, which condition would indicate a victim should be categorized as Red?

No respiration after head tilt Signup and view all the answers

Which transport vehicle quantity must be kept available at all times during an MCI?

At least two transport vehicles Signup and view all the answers

What should personnel do with their vehicle keys if directed to assist in another function?

Keep the keys with their vehicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Rescue Task Force (RTF) during a mass casualty incident?

To provide force protection and initiate medical care Signup and view all the answers

Which zone is considered the safest for the Rescue Task Force to operate?

Warm Zone Signup and view all the answers

What role do law enforcement officers serve within the Rescue Task Force?

They provide force protection Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym THREAT stand for in the context of an active shooter incident?

Threat suppression, Hemorrhage control, Rapid extrication, Assessment, Transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of priorities when triaging victims according to the color-coded system?

Immediate, Delayed, Ambulatory, Deceased Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the Rescue Task Force determines the warm zone to be safe for entry?

Direct remaining crew to initiate triage Signup and view all the answers

In a mass casualty incident, which type of response should be requested if victims are unknown?

MCI Level 2 Signup and view all the answers

When establishing Unified Command, which groups are typically involved?

Fire, EMS, and law enforcement representatives Signup and view all the answers

During a scene command, which officer is initially responsible for triage?

First-arriving officer Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a potential incident that may require a Rescue Task Force?

Active shooter/hostile event Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the warm zone suddenly becomes a hot zone?

LEO must respond to the threat to ensure team safety Signup and view all the answers

What should be the first step for the officer of the first-arriving unit?

Perform a size-up of the situation Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to locate and direct the 'walking wounded' to one location?

To assess them as soon as possible Signup and view all the answers

What may indicate that a Rescue Task Force is effective in its duties?

Rapid treatment and stabilization of multiple victims Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible risks in deploying RTFs in a hot zone?

Exposure to potential threats and hazards Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Determination of Death

EMT or Paramedic may determine a patient is dead/non-salvageable and decide not to resuscitate based on specific conditions.
Conditions for Determination of Death:
- At least 1 of the following: Lividity, Rigor Mortis, Tissue decomposition, or a valid DNRO (Do Not Resuscitate Order)
- All of the following: Suspected down time > 30 minutes, Asystole (absence electrical activity in heart), Fixed and dilated pupils, Apneic (not breathing), and no hypothermic mechanism for arrest
Specific Situations: Patients with suspected hypothermia, barbiturate overdose, or electrocution require full ALS resuscitation unless injuries incompatible with life or tissue decomposition are present.
Trauma Victims: Resuscitation should not be attempted if all three presumptive signs of death are present: Apneic, Asystole, Fixed and dilated pupils.
Conclusive Sign of Trauma Death: Injuries incompatible with life (e.g., decapitation, massive crush injury, incineration).
Prolonged Extrication (Over 15 Minutes): Resuscitative measures should not be initiated if prolonged extrication is anticipated.
Penetrating or Blunt Chest Trauma: Bilateral needle decompression may be attempted to achieve ROSC (return of spontaneous circulation).
Organ Harvest Consideration: Should not be the sole reason for resuscitation.
Local Law Enforcement Responsibility: Responsible for the body once death is determined. The body remains at the scene until disposition by the Medical Examiner's Office or local jurisdiction.

Crime Scene Considerations

Purpose: Protection of patient welfare and ensuring effective crime scene investigation.
Response: Only assigned units respond to the call.
Entry to Crime Scene: EMS may request entry to determine life status. If access is refused, EMS Agency Supervisor is notified, and an incident report is completed.
Minimizing Disturbance: Minimum number of EMS personnel enter the scene.
No Resuscitation: Do not attempt CPR if the patient meets the criteria for determination of death.
Treatment and Resuscitation: Follow the appropriate protocol if required.
Important On-Scene Actions:
- Keep medical equipment close to the victim.
- Stay close to the body.
- Avoid contact with pooled blood.
- Minimize movement around the scene.
- Minimize damage to the patient's clothing.
- Do not touch personal effects, clean the body, or cover it with a sheet (except if expired).
- Do not move, take, or handle any object at the scene.
- Do not litter the crime scene with medical supplies.
- Transfer the victim to the vehicle expeditiously if resuscitation is deemed necessary.
- Inform law enforcement personnel of any crime-related information given by the patient during transport.

Helicopter Safety

Air Rescue Assignment: Standard dispatch includes one engine company and one rescue unit. Additional units are assigned based on incident circumstances. The unit assigned as the heli-spot (HS) group may require all personnel to secure the site. Dispatchers should not modify assignments; only Uniformed Fire Department Officers can.
Air Rescue Capabilities:
- Level 1 trauma patient with a ground transport time > 20 minutes.
- Level 2 trauma patient with a ground transport time > 30 minutes.
- Patient located in an inaccessible area by ground.
- Trauma patient extrication anticipated to exceed 15 minutes.
- Severe cardiac/pulmonary crisis, stroke, drowning, life-threatening pediatric illness with a transport time > 20 minutes.
- Dive emergencies.
- Time-critical inter-facility patient transfers.
- Search and rescue in specific areas (Intracoastal Waterway, ocean, lakes, canals, Everglades, wilderness areas.)
- Aerial vantage point for fires and large incidents.
Transport Guidelines:
- Request Air Rescue as soon as possible through Dispatch.
- Safety Considerations:
  - Weather Conditions: Helicopter cannot fly in lightning, strong winds, heavy rain, or fog.
  - Power lines, trees, signs, debris, and obstacles in the landing zone.
  - Civilian and vehicular traffic.
  - Consider wetting down a dusty landing zone.
- Communication: Assign a tactical channel for communications.
- Information for Air Rescue:
  - Patient status, weight, airway compromise/rapid sequence intubation, combativeness, suicidal behavior, or prisoner status.
- Landing Zone:
  - Requires a 100-foot by 100-foot clear area.
  - Incident Command communicates the intended landing zone to flight medics, who relay it to the pilot.
  - A designated marshaller must be present at all times during landing, loading, and takeoff.
  - Radio air traffic must remain clear during the final approach. Announce "Abort. Abort. Abort" if a hazard is identified.
  - Hose lines are not necessary. Tactics and strategy for a catastrophic event are left to Incident Command.
Patient Preparation and Transport:
- Patient secured to a long spine board using the cross-strap method.
- Inform the patient about the helicopter transport, noise, heat, and wind levels.
- Patient remains inside the rescue unit until flight medics brief the crew on patient status.
- Remove all sheets and blankets and lower IV poles before approaching the helicopter to prevent hazards.
- Three personnel (including the flight medic) move the patient to the helicopter.
- No one approaches the helicopter without a flight crew member.
- Proper head and eye protection for personnel involved in loading/offloading.
- Ground personnel leave the landing zone together following the same route used to approach the helicopter.
- Hospital staff must remain clear of the landing area until directed to approach by the flight crew.
- Patient offloaded with assistance from hospital staff and under the direction of the flight crew.
Inter-Facility Transfers: Fire department operates as detailed in Transport Guidelines. Flight medics may require assistance commuting from the LZ to the transferring hospital.

Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)

Purpose: Efficient triage, treatment, and transport of victims in mass/multiple-casualty incidents.
Definitions:
- Active Assailant(s): Individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill in a confined area.
- Active Shooter: Individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill in a populated area using firearms.
- Active Shooter Hostile Event Response (ASHER): Incident involving individuals actively engaged in harming or killing using firearms, explosives, toxic substances, vehicles, edged weapons, or fire.
- Ballistic Protection Equipment (BPE): Personal protective equipment (PPE) intended to protect the wearer from ballistic threats, stabbing, fragmentation, or blunt force trauma (includes ballistic vest, helmet, or shield).
- Casualty Collection Point (CCP): Temporary location for gathering, triage, medical stabilization, and evacuation of casualties, typically in the warm zone.
- Complex Coordinated Attack: Multiple attacks using firearms, explosives, fire, smoke, or vehicle assault.
- Concealment: Protection from observation, not necessarily protection from the threat.
- Contact Team/Law Enforcement Entry Team: Law enforcement unit tasked with locating and neutralizing the suspect(s).
- Cover: Protection from firearms or other weapons.
- Extraction Team/Litter Bearers: Personnel used to move injured/uninjured to safety.
- Force Protection (FP): Preventive measures to mitigate hostile actions against specific populations, including civilians and unarmed responders.
- Improvised Explosive Device (IED): Device incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract.
- Rescue Task Force (RTF): Combination of fire/EMS personnel and law enforcement providing force protection for triage, treatment, and extraction in the warm zone.
- Threat (THREAT): Acronym for initial actions in active shooter incidents:
  - T: Threat suppression
  - H: Hemorrhage Control
  - RE: Rapid Extrication to safety
  - A: Assessment by medical providers
  - T: Transport to definitive care
- Unified Command (UC): Shared authority structure involving representatives from all responding organizations (law enforcement, fire, EMS) operating together to develop a single incident action plan.
- Hot Zone: Area that has not been cleared by law enforcement, where there is a known hazard and direct threat.
- Warm Zone: Area with potential hazards or indirect threat to life, where the perpetrator is not believed to be.
- Cold Zone: Areas secured by law enforcement with little or no threat.
Procedure:
- First-Arriving Unit Officer:
  - Establish command and perform a size-up, estimating the number of victims.
  - Request a Level 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 response based on the situation.
  - Identify a staging area.
  - Establish Unified Command (UC) with Law Enforcement for active shooter incidents.
  - If deemed safe, direct crew members to initiate triage.
  - Perform triage using START or JumpSTART and prioritize victims utilizing color-coded ribbons:
    - Immediate care: Red
    - Delayed care: Yellow
    - Ambulatory (minor): Green
    - Deceased (non-salvageable): Black
  - Locate and direct the "walking wounded" to a safe location, keeping them together.
  - Active Shooter Considerations: Be vigilant for suspicious individuals, packages, vehicles, or Potential IEDs.
  - Apply the THREAT acronym for tactical response.
- Rescue Task Force:
  - Initiates triage and provides minimal lifesaving treatment (hemorrhage control) in the warm zone.
  - Assists with victim movement once triage is complete.
  - Could have additional objectives like breaching, utility control, building system management, and fire control.
Key Considerations:
- Law Enforcement provides force protection for rescue personnel.
- Rescue Task Force should not enter the hot zone.
- Victims are moved to a Casualty Collection Point (CCP) from the warm zone.
- The decision to establish a Rescue Task Force may be made during unified command.
- Liaison personnel facilitate communication between fire and law enforcement units.

Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)

An MCI is classified by different levels depending on the number of victims.
The number of victims will be based on the initial size-up, prior to triage.
Levels of response will augment the units already on the scene, and units en route will be included in the assignment.
Command can downgrade or upgrade the assignments at any time.
All units will respond to the staging area emergency response unless otherwise directed by Command.

Predetermined Response Plan

MCI Level 1 (5-10 victims): 4 ALS Transport Units, 2 Suppression Units, 1 Shift Supervisor, 1 EMS Supervisor
MCI Level 2 (11-20 victims): 6 ALS Transport Units, 3 Suppression Units, 2 Shift Supervisors, 2 EMS Shift Supervisors
MCI Level 3 (21-100 victims): 8 ALS Transport Units, 4 Suppression Units, 3 Shift Supervisors, 3 EMS Shift Supervisors, Command Vehicle, MCI Trailer, Operations Chief
MCI Level 4 (101-1000 victims): 5 MCI Task Forces (25 units), 2 ALS Transport Strike Teams (10 units), 1 Suppression Unit Strike Team (5 units), 2 BLS Transport Strike Teams (10 units), 2 Mass Transit Buses, 2 MCI Trailers, Command Vehicle, Communications Trailer, 5 Shift Supervisors, 3 EMS Shift Supervisors, 1 EMS Chief, Operations Chief
MCI Level 5 (more than 1000 victims): 10 MCI Task Forces (50 units), 4 ALS Transport Strike Teams (20 units), 2 Suppression Unit Strike Teams (10 units), 4 BLS Transport Strike Teams (20 units), 4 Mass Transit Buses, 2 Command Vehicles, 4 Supply Trailers, Communications Trailer, 10 Shift Supervisors, 6 EMS Shift Supervisors, 2 EMS Chiefs, 2 Operations Chiefs

Officer Responsibilities

Command

Established by the first arriving officer.
Radio designation “Command.”
Determine the MCI Level (1, 2, 3, 4, or 5).
Designate a staging area.
Assign personnel to perform the functions of Triage, Rescue Task Force (if needed), Treatment, Transport, and Staging.
Advise the Communications Center of the number of victims and their categories once triage is complete.
Ensure proper security of the incident site, treatment area, and loading area.
If the incident is due to a known or suspected weapon of mass destruction (WMD event), refer to WMD FOG #8 and designate a Medical Intelligence Officer to assist with decontamination, antidotes, and treatment of victims.

Medical Branch

Assure Triage, Treatment, and Transport has been established.
Work with Command, and direct and/or supervise on-scene personnel from agencies such as the Medical Examiner’s Office, Red Cross, private ambulance companies, and hospital volunteers.
Ensure notification of Medical Control (Medcom/MRCC).
If the incident is due to a known or suspected WMD, refer to WMD FOG #8 and designate a Medical Intelligence Officer to assist with decontamination, antidotes, and treatment of victims.
Ensure proper security of the incident site, treatment area, and loading area.

Triage Officer

Reports to Command or Medical Branch.
Establish an area for the Triage function.
Use the START or JumpSTART method of Triage.
Provide periodic status reports to Command/Medical Branch.

Treatment Officer

Reports to Command or Medical Branch.
Assure the Treatment function is established and organized.
Review the patients, and if their condition allows, move them to the treatment area.

Transport Officer

Reports to Command or the Medical Branch.
Supervises the Medical Communication Coordinator and Documentation Aide(s).
Responsible for the coordination of victims and maintenance of records relating to victim identification, injuries, mode of transportation, and destination.
Assign a Documentation Aide with a radio to assist with paperwork and communications.
Assign a Medical Communication Coordinator to establish continuous contact with Medical Control (Medcom or MRCC).
Establish a victim loading area.
Arrange for the transport of victims from the treatment area.
Communicate with the Landing Zone (LZ)/Heli-spot Officer and relay the number of victims to be transported by ai

Medical Communications Coordinator

Reports to the Transport Officer.
Establish communication with Medical Control (Medcom or MRCC).
Document this information on the Hospital Capability Worksheet #5C.
Determine the most appropriate facility with Medical Control.

MCI Kits for Responder Vehicles

Fifty (50) triage tags—Disaster Management Systems (DMS) All Risk Triage tags
Pencils/grease pencils and pens
Additional tourniquets, hemostatic dressing, chest seals & chest decompression needles (10)

Conduct Secondary Triage in the Treatment Phase

Move the walking wounded.
START (modified 9/2015)
- No Respiration after head tilt - RED
- Respirations over 30/min or Respirations lower than 10/min or Respiratory Distress - RED
- Perfusion (No radial pulse) - RED
- Mental Status (unable to follow commands) - RED
- Stable RPM/Walking - GREEN
- Stable RPM/Non-ambulatory - YELLOW.
JumpSTART (modified 9/2015)
- No Respiration after head tilt/No peripheral pulse - RED
- Respirations 45/min or 15/min (Work of Breathing) - RED
- Perfusion (No radial pulse) - RED
- Mental Status (AVPU) Alert/Verbal - GREEN
- Mental Status (AVPU) Pain/Unresponsive - YELLOW
- Stable RPM/Walking - GREEN
- Stable RPM/Non-ambulatory - YELLOW

Triage Tags

Colored ribbons (Red, Yellow, Green & Black) either rolls or ribbons.
One (1) pediatric face mask
Trauma Tourniquets (2)
Hemostatic Dressing (2)
Chest Decompression Needles(2)
Chest Seals (2)

Documentation

Incident Commander will, at the completion of the incident, coordinate the gathering of all pertinent documentation.
A Post-Incident Analysis (PIA) will be completed.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the criteria EMTs and paramedics use to determine death. This quiz covers specific conditions, trauma scenarios, and resuscitation guidelines based on various circumstances. Understand the key signs and protocols involved in such critical assessments.