Employee Attitudes and Behaviors
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Questions and Answers

According to the EVLN framework, which employee response is characterized by passively waiting for conditions to improve while maintaining performance?

  • Neglect
  • Exit
  • Loyalty (correct)
  • Voice

An employee consistently misses meetings, arrives late, and takes extended breaks. According to the content, which behavior is this employee exhibiting?

  • Commitment
  • Voice
  • Exit (correct)
  • Loyalty

Which of the following best describes facet satisfaction?

  • A general feeling of contentment with one's career.
  • Evaluations of specific job components such as pay and tasks. (correct)
  • An overall evaluation of the job.
  • The degree to which an employee feels valued by the organization.

According to the 'Value-Percept Theory', what is the determinant of an employee's satisfaction?

<p>The alignment of job aspects with the individual's values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a significant driver of affective commitment in the workplace?

<p>Social life and relationships with coworkers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in building organizational commitment among employees?

<p>Creating equitable work environments and fostering meaningful relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization experiences a wave of employee departures shortly after one employee leaves. How would a social influence model explain this?

<p>Turnover spreads through social networks within the organization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the EVLN framework, which type of employee demonstrates high job performance but low organizational commitment?

<p>Lone Wolves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the 'contrast' cognitive bias in a performance review setting?

<p>Rating an average employee highly because they were preceded by a string of poorly performing individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A project manager consistently blames external factors for project delays while taking personal credit when projects are completed ahead of schedule. This behavior is an example of which faulty attribution?

<p>Self-Serving Bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company invests heavily in a new marketing campaign. After initial results indicate it's failing, the company continues to pour more resources into the campaign, justifying it by the amount already spent. This is an example of:

<p>Escalation of Commitment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies 'adaptive' task performance?

<p>A software developer quickly patching a critical security vulnerability in response to a cyberattack. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities is the BEST example of organizational citizenship behavior?

<p>Voluntarily mentoring a new employee to help them adjust to the company culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A team member publicly defends the company's reputation when false rumors circulate on social media. This BEST exemplifies which type of citizenship behavior?

<p>Boosterism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An HR manager implements a new 'employee of the month' program to boost morale. This initiative is MOST directly aimed at improving which aspect of job performance?

<p>Citizenship Behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios BEST exemplifies the application of Organizational Behavior (OB) principles at the group/team level?

<p>A team uses effective communication strategies to resolve a conflict and improve collaboration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the PRIMARY difference between job performance and results-oriented job performance?

<p>Job performance considers the behaviors that lead to achieving organizational goals, while results-oriented performance focuses on the outcomes themselves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A study finds a correlation of -0.65 between employee stress levels and job satisfaction. Which of the following is the MOST accurate interpretation of this finding?

<p>There is a strong negative relationship between employee stress and job satisfaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is trying to determine if a new training program causes an increase in employee productivity. They observe a relationship between program participation and productivity. What else must they establish to prove causation?

<p>The company must rule out alternative explanations for the increase in productivity and confirm that the training preceded the increase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates 'satisficing' in decision-making?

<p>A job seeker accepts the first job offer that meets their minimum salary requirements, without exploring other opportunities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes why Organizational Behavior relies on the scientific method?

<p>To provide evidence-based insights through testing hypotheses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A marketing team is deciding on a new advertising strategy. Several members believe their target customers are primarily motivated by price. They only pay attention to data that supports this belief, ignoring market research that suggests other factors are important. Which decision-making issue are they demonstrating?

<p>Selective Perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a negotiation, the first offer made strongly influences the perception of what is achievable. This cognitive bias is known as:

<p>Anchoring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a programmed decision?

<p>Approving a routine vacation request according to established company policy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies 'production deviance' as a minor form of organizational counterproductive work behavior (CWB)?

<p>An employee uses company time to manage personal tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is a likely consequence of using a forced ranking performance evaluation system within an organization?

<p>Heightened competition and potential acts of sabotage among employees. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee remains with a company primarily because they fear losing their retirement benefits if they leave. According to the types of organizational commitment, this is an example of what?

<p>Continuance commitment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A manager notices an employee spending significant time on social media during work hours but still completing all their assigned tasks effectively. How should a manager address this, considering the concepts of 'You are what you measure'?

<p>Privately address the employee about the appropriate use of company time and resources, while also acknowledging their productivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely outcome of leadership that consistently overlooks instances of interpersonal counterproductive work behavior (CWB), such as incivility and gossiping, exhibited by high-performing employees?

<p>Decreased team morale and potential decline in overall productivity, as the toxic behavior affects other employees. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which employee is most likely to demonstrate the highest levels of organizational citizenship behaviors?

<p>An employee with strong affective commitment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee is frequently observed 'looking busy' but is not actively engaged in productive tasks. According to the provided information, this behavior is an example of what?

<p>Psychological withdrawal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) and forced ranking as employee evaluation methods?

<p>BARS focuses on specific, observable behaviors, while forced ranking compares employees against each other on a curve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is a key distinction between 'organizational' and 'interpersonal' counterproductive work behaviors (CWB)?

<p>Organizational CWB primarily affects the organization's resources or reputation, while interpersonal CWB involves negative actions towards other employees. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee is highly skilled and consistently exceeds performance targets but is known for being rude to colleagues and creating a negative team environment. How should managers address this situation, considering the information provided?

<p>Implement corrective actions addressing the negative behavior, emphasizing that allowing toxic behavior harms team morale and productivity, while also praising the employee's skill. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following workplace scenarios exemplifies 'production deviance'?

<p>An employee takes extended breaks and frequently arrives late to work, impacting team productivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company is considering implementing a forced ranking performance evaluation system. What is a potential negative consequence they should anticipate?

<p>A potential decrease in teamwork and increased sabotage due to heightened competition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee stays with a company because they feel a sense of loyalty to their manager, who invested significant time in mentoring them. This is an example of which type of organizational commitment?

<p>Normative commitment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee is frequently observed 'looking busy' but is not actively engaged in productive tasks. According to the information, this behavior is an example of what?

<p>Psychological Withdrawal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between organizational commitment and employee behavior?

<p>Employees with high affective commitment are more likely to engage in organizational citizenship behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scenarios BEST demonstrates the utilization of organizational behavior principles at the individual level of analysis?

<p>An HR department studies employee personality traits to optimize job placements and satisfaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher finds a correlation of +0.45 between employee participation in wellness programs and their self-reported productivity. What is the MOST accurate interpretation of this correlation?

<p>There is a moderate positive relationship between participation in wellness programs and employee productivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company observes a relationship between employee training and job performance. To establish causation, which additional step is necessary?

<p>Rule out other potential factors, such as changes in technology or management practices, that could explain the improved performance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A manager is faced with selecting a vendor for a new software system. Due to time constraints, the manager chooses the first vendor that meets the essential requirements, rather than thoroughly evaluating all available options. This decision-making approach BEST exemplifies:

<p>Satisficing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does organizational behavior emphasize the use of scientific methods in its research?

<p>To provide objective and evidence-based insights into workplace phenomena. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the EVLN framework, which employee response is characterized by actively and constructively attempting to improve conditions?

<p>Voice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A team is deciding on a new marketing strategy. Most members believe their target customers are primarily motivated by environmental concerns. They disregard market research suggesting that price is a more significant factor for their customer base. Which decision-making issue are they MOST clearly demonstrating?

<p>Selective perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a salary negotiation, a job applicant is asked about their previous salary, and this figure heavily influences the employer's subsequent offer, despite the applicant's increased skills and market value. This cognitive bias is known as:

<p>Anchoring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee consistently voices concerns and suggests improvements while maintaining a high level of job performance. According to the content, which category does this employee fall into?

<p>Star (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'Value-Percept Theory' in relation to job satisfaction?

<p>The difference between the values an employee wants and what they perceive they have in their job. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following workplace situations is the BEST example of a 'programmed decision'?

<p>A manager approves a routine employee vacation request according to established company policy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company aims to increase affective commitment among its employees. Which strategy would MOST directly address this goal, based on the information provided?

<p>Creating opportunities for social interaction and strong workplace relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the departure of a popular team member, several other employees begin to leave the organization. How does the social influence model explain this turnover?

<p>Turnover spreads through social networks within the organization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between 'global satisfaction' and 'facet satisfaction'?

<p>Global satisfaction is an overall evaluation of the job, while facet satisfaction evaluates specific job components. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A multinational corporation wants to understand job satisfaction across its offices in the United States, Germany, and Japan. What should the company consider when comparing satisfaction levels across these countries?

<p>Cultural differences may influence how employees perceive and report their levels of job satisfaction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee remains with a company despite receiving a more attractive job offer from a competitor. They state that they feel a sense of duty to stay because of the support and investment the company has made to their role and career. Which concept best describes the reason for this continued commitment?

<p>Normative commitment due to perceived obligation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a performance review, a manager rates a previously low-performing employee higher because they immediately evaluated an employee who performed far worse. Which cognitive bias is most likely influencing the manager's evaluation?

<p>Contrast Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A sales team consistently misses its quarterly targets. The team lead attributes this failure to a weak economy, while failing to acknowledge internal issues, like poor sales strategies. This behavior is an example of what?

<p>Self-Serving Bias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company decides to continue investing in a project despite clear indicators that it is failing and is unlikely to succeed. What is this an example of?

<p>Escalation of Commitment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST example of 'adaptive' task performance in a customer service role?

<p>Quickly learning and applying a new software update to resolve customer issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior exemplifies organizational citizenship behavior?

<p>Attending voluntary meetings to stay informed about company initiatives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee makes positive comments about the company and defends it publicly when facing criticism. Which type of citizenship behavior is being demonstrated?

<p>Boosterism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation of using a results-oriented approach to evaluating job performance?

<p>It may neglect important aspects of performance, such as teamwork and citizenship behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company implements a new performance management system that solely focuses on achieving targets. What unintended consequence is MOST likely to become a problem?

<p>Reduced collaboration and increased unethical behavior to meet quotas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Organizational Behavior (OB)

The study of human behavior in organizations to improve outcomes.

Levels of OB Analysis

The individual, group/team, and organizational.

OB as a Science

Testing hypotheses with evidence, not just guessing.

Correlation

Relationship between two variables.

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Decision-Making

Selecting a course of action from available options.

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Programmed Decisions

Routine decisions using established rules.

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Non-Programmed Decisions

Complex, unique decisions needing creative solutions.

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Anchoring

Relying too much on the first info received.

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Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB)

Actions by employees that intentionally harm the organization or its stakeholders.

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Organizational CWB

CWBs directed at the organization itself, such as theft or sabotage.

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Interpersonal CWB

CWBs directed towards other individuals within the workplace, such as harassment or abuse.

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Organizational Commitment

The degree to which an employee identifies with and wants to remain a member of an organization.

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Affective Commitment

Emotional attachment to the organization; staying because you want to.

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Continuance Commitment

Commitment based on costs associated with leaving; staying because you need to.

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Normative Commitment

Commitment based on obligation; staying because you ought to.

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Psychological Withdrawal

Avoiding work without leaving the organization.

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Contrast Bias

Evaluating someone by comparing them to others recently evaluated, instead of using an objective standard.

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Attribution Theory

Perceivers try to attribute observed behavior to internal (personal control) or external (outside events) causes.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to attribute others' behavior to internal factors, rather than external.

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Self-Serving Bias

Overestimating our own internal influence on successes and external influences on failures.

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Hindsight Bias

Thinking an outcome was easily predictable, even though you couldn't predict it at the time

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Escalation of Commitment

Continuing a failing course of action due to sunk costs, even when a change would be better.

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Job Performance

Behaviors that contribute to achieving organizational goals, not just outcomes.

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Citizenship Behavior

Discretionary actions that help others and improve the organization (e.g., mentoring).

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Exit (EVLN)

Leaving the organization as a response to dissatisfaction.

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Voice (EVLN)

Attempting to improve conditions by discussing issues.

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Loyalty (EVLN)

Passively waiting for improvement while maintaining performance.

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Neglect (EVLN)

Reduced effort and attention to work.

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Erosion Model

Employees with fewer social ties are more likely to leave.

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Social Influence Model

Turnover spreads through social networks within organizations.

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Global Satisfaction

Overall evaluation of a job.

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Facet Satisfaction

Evaluations of specific job components, like pay or tasks.

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What is Organizational Behavior?

Understanding, predicting, and influencing behavior in organizations.

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Positive Correlation

Variables move in the same direction.

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Negative Correlation

Variables move in opposite directions.

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No Correlation

No consistent relationship between variables.

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Bounded Rationality

Overly simplifying decisions due to limited information.

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Satisficing

Choosing a 'good enough' option, not necessarily the best.

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Selective Perception

Noticing only information confirming existing beliefs.

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Projection Bias

Assuming others think like you do.

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Routine Task Performance

Regular, predictable job tasks.

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Adaptive Task Performance

Responding to change and emergencies in the workplace.

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Creative Task Performance

Generating innovative ideas or solutions.

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Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Discretionary actions that benefit the org.

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Voice (OCB)

Speaking up to improve the organization.

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Boosterism (OCB)

Positively representing the organization to others.

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Interpersonal Citizenship Behavior

Helping coworkers with their tasks.

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Civic Virtue (OCB)

Show a general care for your company, civic duty

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Courtesy

The act of being polite and considerate to others.

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Helping

Providing assistance or support to others.

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Sportsmanship

Fairness and respect in competition, winning or losing.

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Production Deviance

Minor CWB directed at the organization, such as wasting resources.

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Incivility

Minor CWB directed at individuals, displaying rudeness towards coworkers.

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Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS)

Using observable actions to rate performance.

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Forced Ranking

Distributing performance ratings along a curve (e.g., top 10%).

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Looking Busy

Avoiding work by appearing busy.

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Physical Withdrawal

Actions like tardiness, missing meetings, quitting, absenteeism, and taking long breaks indicating disengagement.

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EVLN Framework

A framework categorizing employee responses to dissatisfaction, including Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect.

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Exit (Employee Response)

Leaving the organization as a response to dissatisfaction; often associated with 'Lone Wolves'.

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Voice (Employee Response)

Attempting to improve conditions by discussing issues; associated with 'Stars'.

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Loyalty (Employee Response)

Passively waiting for improvement while maintaining performance; typical of 'Citizens'.

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Neglect (Employee Response)

Reduced effort and attention to work; displayed by 'Apathetics'.

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Job Satisfaction

Positive feelings about a job, varying by facets like pay, tasks, and culture.

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Value-Percept Theory

Satisfaction depends on whether a job provides what an individual values; focuses on 'want' vs. 'have'.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Organizational Behavior (OB)

  • Organizational Behavior (OB) studies human behavior within organizations.
  • OB understands, predicts, and intervenes in the workplace to achieve better outcomes.

OB as a Science

  • OB uses scientific methods to test hypotheses, unlike intuition or authority.
  • Scientific methods in OB aim to provide evidence-based insights.

Common Issues in Decision-Making

  • Attribution Theory: Perceivers attribute the observed behavior to a cause.
    • Internal behavior is controlled by the individual.
    • External behavior is forced by outside events/causes.

Dimensions: What is a good performer

  • Citizenship Behavior involves discretionary actions to help others and improve the organization.
  • These behaviors are not in job descriptions but improve morale and productivity.

Types of Commitment

  • Affective Commitment is emotional attachment, staying because you want to.
    • Example: Strong friendships or a positive work atmosphere.
  • Continuance Commitment is based on the costs associated with leaving, staying because you need to.
    • Example: Financial benefits, job security, or relocation difficulties.
  • Normative Commitment is based on obligation, staying because you ought to.
    • Example: One might feel loyal due to mentorship.

Job Satisfaction

  • Job satisfaction is a positive evaluation about a job.
  • Attitudes: Evaluative statements about objects, people, or events.
    • For example, "I hate my job!".

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Description

Explore employee responses, job satisfaction facets, and commitment drivers. Understand social influence models, EVLN framework implications, and strategies for building organizational commitment. Analyze Value-Percept Theory and its effect on employee satisfaction.

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