Emotion Theories Quiz

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Questions and Answers

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, what occurs simultaneously due to the stimulus?

Bodily arousal

Past experience and situational cues

Emotional feelings and bodily arousal (correct)

Emotional feelings

What is the primary focus of Schachter's Cognitive Theory of emotions?

The role of thalamus in emotional feelings

The importance of facial expressions in emotional feelings

The perception of bodily arousal according to past experience and situational cues (correct)

The drive-reduction theory of motivation

What is the main idea behind the Model of Emotion by Lazarus?

Facial expressions and emotional feelings do not contradict with each other (correct)

Past experience is the primary factor in emotional feelings

Facial expressions contradict with emotional feelings

Emotional feelings are separate from bodily arousal

What is the drive-reduction theory of motivation based on?

The need to eliminate an unpleasant internal state Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

Extrinsic motivation is based on external reinforcement, while intrinsic motivation is based on self-enhancement Signup and view all the answers

According to the Arousal Theory, what is the optimal level of arousal for performance?

Medium arousal level Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of motivation?

To energize our behavior and lead us to our goal Signup and view all the answers

What is the incentive theory of motivation based on?

The pull of incentives Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of setting challenging, specific, and attainable goals?

To boost confidence Signup and view all the answers

What is an ill-defined problem?

A problem with a lack of clear specification of method Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the problem-solving process?

Interpreting the problem Signup and view all the answers

What is functional fixedness?

The inability to see an object having another function other than its typical one Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the 'working back' heuristic in problem-solving?

To solve problems from the goal state backward to the start state Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of an algorithm in problem-solving?

It guarantees a correct answer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of standardization in test construction?

To obtain a large number of representative samples Signup and view all the answers

What is intelligence in the context of psychology?

The ability to solve problems and think critically Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of a stressor?

Unpredictable, uncontrollable, intense, and repeated Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary appraisal of a stressor concerned with?

Determining whether the problem is relevant and its positive or negative impact Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical response to short-term stress?

Fight or flight response Signup and view all the answers

What is the third stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Exhaustion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an environmental factor that can cause stress?

Illness Signup and view all the answers

What type of conflict involves choosing between two appealing options?

Approach-approach conflict Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a Type A personality?

Being more competitive and perfectionist Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to burnout and workaholic behavior in the workplace?

Role ambiguity and role conflict Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that can help people cope with stress in the workplace?

Organizational-based self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

What is a way to improve stress-coping in the workplace as a manager?

Offer employee control over their work Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a Hardiness personality?

Taking control of their lives and treating stressors as challenges Signup and view all the answers

What can a manager do to reduce role ambiguity and role conflict in the workplace?

Define roles and have fair distribution of work Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that 65% of teachers in Milgram's study continued to obey the orders to deliver electric shock on students?

Because of the authority figure's direct orders Signup and view all the answers

In Milgram's study, what was the percentage of teachers who obeyed the rule when they performed the experiment in a small town office?

48% Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where individuals tend to perform better in the presence of other people?

Social facilitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that refers to people losing their sense of self-awareness and performing undesirable behavior when in a group?

Deindividuation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for social loafing?

Diffusion of responsibility Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of having another teacher as a role model on the obedience rate?

90% obedience rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of disagreement between two experimenters on the obedience rate?

0% obedience rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenomenon where people tend to avoid taking responsibility for actions because they assume others will do so?

Social loafing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Emotions and Motivation

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions: the activation of the thalamus due to a stimulus provides emotional feelings and bodily arousal simultaneously.
Schachter's Cognitive Theory of emotions: the perception of bodily arousal according to past experience and situational cues provides emotional feelings and behavioral responses.
Model of Emotion (by Lazarus): facial expressions and emotional feelings do not contradict each other.
Motivation: a set of internal and external factors that energize our behavior and lead us to our goal.
Model of motivation: a process that initiates, sustains, and directs activities.
Drive-reduction theory: needs produce drive, drive produces motivated behaviors to obtain the goal to eliminate the need, resulting in a balanced internal state.
Incentive theory: pulled by incentives, does not require drive-reduction.
Arousal Theory: our behavior is motivated to obtain a certain level of arousal, which affects our performance level.
Extrinsic motivation: motivated by external reinforcement and to avoid bad stimuli.
Intrinsic motivation: motivated by self-enhancement and personal growth.
Setting goals that are challenging, specific, and attainable can boost confidence.

Problem-Solving

Problem: when people do not know how to reach a goal when there is a goal.
Types of problems: ill-defined problems (lack clear specification of method) and well-defined problems (clear specification of starting point, destination, and method).
Problem-solving steps: interpreting the problem and trying to solve the problem.
Blocks in solving problems: interpretation blocks (fixation, functional fixedness) and strategy blocks (over-reliance on past experience and previously successful solving strategy).
Problem-solving strategies: algorithm (step-by-step solving method) and heuristic (relying on past experience in solving similar questions).

Thinking and Intelligence

Thinking: the process of processing information to solve problems, make judgments, and decisions.
Intelligence: refers to problem-solving skills and cognitive abilities.

Elements of a Good Test in Psychology

Standardization: distributing the test to a large number of representative populations to obtain the test score and 'test norm'.

Stress and Coping

Reaction to stress: short-term stress ("fight or flight response"), long-term stress (General Adaptation Syndrome: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion).
Sources of stress: environmental factors, psychological factors, conflicts, change, and pressure.
Personality and stress-coping: Type A personality (more easy to get angry, competitive, perfectionist), Type B personality (more relaxed), and Hardiness personality (take control of their lives, treat stressors as challenges).

Stress in the Workplace

Role ambiguity (unclear and not specific job responsibilities) and role conflict (unbalance between job requirement and personal expectations) can lead to burnout and workaholic.
Factors of people in coping with stress in the workplace: hardiness, organizational-based self-esteem, and negative affectivity.
Ways to improve stress-coping in the workplace as a manager: two-way communication, allowing employee control, defining roles, offering stress management programs, and eliminating role ambiguity and role conflict.

Obedience and Conformity

Obedience: a change in behavior that is ordered by the authority directly.
Milgram's study in obedience to authority: 65% of teachers continued to obey the order and apply the maximum 450 voltage on students.
Factors influencing obedience: teacher responsibility, experimenter unanimity, and proximity to the student.

Social facilitation: individuals tend to perform better in the presence of other people.
Social loafing: people tend to make less effort to achieve their goal when working in a group.
Deindividuation: people lose their sense of self-awareness and perform undesirable and antisocial behavior when in a group.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the Cannon-Bard Theory and Schachter's Cognitive Theory of emotions, including the role of the thalamus, bodily arousal, and cognitive perception.