Emission Norms Overview

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What do emission norms regulate?

Water pollution

Noise pollution

Air pollution (correct)

Land pollution

Which of the following is NOT a regulated pollutant under emission norms?

Particulate matter (PM)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Sulfur oxides

Carbon dioxide (CO2) (correct)

Who manages emissions standards in the United States?

Department of Transportation

Department of Energy

Federal Reserve

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (correct)

Which entity has special permission to set more stringent vehicle emissions standards in the United States?

State of California Signup and view all the answers

What types of vehicles must meet the European Union's emissions standards?

'Nonroad mobile machinery', trains, and barges Signup and view all the answers

In general, what type of machinery falls under 'nonroad mobile machinery' for emissions standards?

Tractors and construction equipment Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of common-rail injection over conventional injection?

Increased controllability of individual injection processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the common rail in a CRDI system?

To store a reservoir of fuel at high pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the rail pressure sensor in a common rail direct injection system?

To monitor the pressure in the common rail Signup and view all the answers

Why is the principle of Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) relevant to gasoline engines?

It removes drawbacks of conventional carburettors Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant advantage of CRDI systems in terms of emission reduction?

Reduced particulates in the exhaust Signup and view all the answers

How does CRDI technology impact engine maintenance?

Increases initial cost and maintenance frequency Signup and view all the answers

Why do catalytic converters for CI engines require larger flow passages?

To accommodate the solid soot in the exhaust gases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the base ceramic material used for most catalytic converters?

Aluminum oxide Signup and view all the answers

In a Multi-Point Fuel Injection system, where is fuel injected?

Into each intake port of the engine's cylinder head. Signup and view all the answers

What does a Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine use as fuel?

Diesel Signup and view all the answers

Why is CRDI more suitable for diesel engines?

Due to common-rail technology that improves atomization. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Multi-Point Fuel Injection from Single-Point Fuel Injection?

Precise fuel delivery to each cylinder in Multi-Point and less precise in Single-Point. Signup and view all the answers

How does MPFI contribute to better fuel efficiency and reduced emissions?

By delivering precise fuel amounts to each cylinder. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of small embedded particles of catalytic material in ceramic passages of a catalytic converter?

To enhance oxidation reactions in exhaust gas. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a CRDI system use high-pressure fuel injection?

To enhance atomization by using high pressures. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major exhaust emissions common to both SI and CI engines?

Nitrogen oxides Signup and view all the answers

What is the main non-exhaust emission mentioned in the text?

Particulates and soot Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary engine emissions that are strong functions of equivalence ratio for an SI engine?

CO and oxides of nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of engine mainly produces particulates, soot, and smoke as exhaust emissions according to the text?

Hydrogen engines Signup and view all the answers

Why does a rich mixture in an SI engine lead to increased HC emissions according to the text?

Higher oxygen availability for fuel combustion Signup and view all the answers

What causes secondary reactions to occur in the cylinder during the engine's operation?

Low engine speed Signup and view all the answers

What role does high exhaust temperature play in reducing engine emissions?

It promotes after-treatments with add-on devices Signup and view all the answers

What is done under Bharat Stage III norms in India mainly due to road conditions?

Reduction in the maximum testing speed for vehicles Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between Euro-III and BS-III vehicle testing according to the text?

Measurement units for emissions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mandatory fitment of Catalytic Converter for cars in Metros according to the text?

To enhance vehicle acceleration rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of thermal converters in engines?

To lower emissions by promoting oxidation reactions Signup and view all the answers

Why is it difficult to fit a large thermal converter in modern, low-profile automobiles?

Due to space constraints in the engine compartment Signup and view all the answers

What factor determines the temperature requirement for the oxidation of HC from Cx Hy in a thermal converter?

The equation Cx Hy + z O2 x CO2 + y H2O Signup and view all the answers

Why does adding outside air to a thermal converter create a problem for maintaining high temperatures?

Because it compounds the heat loss issue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of catalytic converters in reducing engine emissions?

To eliminate CO and HC by oxidation Signup and view all the answers

How do catalytic converters reduce the temperature needed for oxidation reactions?

By accelerating chemical reactions using catalysts Signup and view all the answers

Why are catalytic converters often referred to as three-way converters?

Due to their ability to reduce CO, HC, and NOx emissions Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the temperature requirement when certain catalysts are present in a catalytic converter?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers