Emerging Infectious Diseases and WHO Eradication Programs Quiz

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Which of the following best defines re-emerging infection?

An entirely new infectious agent that has never been seen before

A new strain of a known infectious agent

A decrease in the geographic range of a known infectious agent

An increase in a disease that had previously declined or been controlled (correct)

What can cause emerging infections?

Previously undetected or unknown infectious agents (correct)

Diseases that have been completely eradicated

Agents whose incidence of disease has significantly declined

Geographic range decreasing for known infectious agents

Which best describes emerging infectious diseases?

Infections that have recently appeared within a population or whose incidence is rapidly decreasing

Infections whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing or threatens to increase (correct)

Infections that are easily treated with existing medications

Infections that have been around for a long time and are well-understood

What characterizes an emerging infection?

Previously known agents whose role in specific diseases has gone unrecognized Signup and view all the answers

What is the fatality rate of smallpox?

30% Signup and view all the answers

Which virus causes smallpox?

Variola virus Signup and view all the answers

When were smallpox eradication efforts initiated?

1967 Signup and view all the answers

When was the last smallpox infection worldwide documented?

1977 Signup and view all the answers

Where were all smallpox supplies supposed to be kept?

CDC, Atlanta and Novosibirsk, Russia Signup and view all the answers

What was the main component of the WHO smallpox eradication plan?

Mass vaccinations using freeze-dried vaccine material (ring vaccination) Signup and view all the answers

What was the post-certification strategy for polio eradication?

Withdrawing the oral live attenuated polio vaccine (OPV) from use and immunizing populations with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) Signup and view all the answers

What was the main strategy for polio eradication?

Strengthening disease surveillance Signup and view all the answers

Where did the laboratory accident involving variola virus occur in 1978?

UK Signup and view all the answers

What is the current formulation of smallpox vaccine?

Live virus preparation of infectious vaccinia virus Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that underlie disease emergence?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which event needs to occur for an emerging disease to become established?

The infectious agent has to be introduced into a vulnerable population Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of microbial adaptation and change?

Development of resistance to drug treatments Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is closely associated with the incidence of Japanese encephalitis?

Climate change Signup and view all the answers

What led to outbreaks of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the US?

Increased rodent population due to wet weather Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the largest cholera epidemic in recent history in Yemen?

Effects of war Signup and view all the answers

How did E. coli O157:H7 emerge as a pathogen?

Acquisition of phage-encoded toxin Stx Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of eradication in the context of diseases?

'Permanent reduction to zero' of worldwide incidence caused by a specific agent Signup and view all the answers

Which criteria are used to determine whether a disease is eradicable?

'Measures against the disease exist' Signup and view all the answers

'Eradication' differs from 'elimination' in that it refers to:

'Permanent reduction to zero' globally and 'reduction to zero' in a specific area Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of eradicating diseases?

Reducing the chance of mis-diagnoses Signup and view all the answers

What led to the first recognized outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 in 1982?

Increase in intensive beef farming in US Signup and view all the answers