80 Questions
During which week does the neural tube begin to develop in the embryonic period?
Week 3
At which week do finger rays emerge during the embryonic period?
Week 6
When can the fetal heart beat be detected?
Week 12
At what stage does the fetus's skin become covered in vernix caseosa and lanugo?
$4-5$ months
What percentage does blood volume increase by during pregnancy?
45-50%
Which hormone prevents the corpus luteum from regressing?
hCG
What is the main hormone secreted by the placenta around week 5 of pregnancy?
Estriol
Which serious complication of pregnancy is linked to a failure of trophoblast cells to penetrate uterine blood vessels?
Preeclampsia
What is the occurrence rate of gestational diabetes in the US?
1/350
In what percentage of cases do ectopic pregnancies occur as tubal pregnancies?
96%
What are risk factors for abdominal pregnancies?
Age, multiparious carriers, non-whites, previous pelvic inflammation/endometriosis, certain forms of birth control use (mini pill, IUD, tubal sterilization)
What is a common symptom associated with miscarriage?
Hemorrhage
What percentage of established pregnancies result in miscarriage?
15%
What percentage of successful full-term pregnancies involve healthy newborns?
99%
What is the main function of the umbilical vein?
Carrying oxygenated blood to the fetus
Which environmental pollutants are especially damaging during weeks 4-7 of embryo development?
Mercury, lead, and arsenic
What is the impact of Rh incompatibility on future pregnancies?
Antibodies attacking Rh+ fetuses in subsequent pregnancies
When does the nervous system begin development in a fetus?
Week 8
Which substances can cause harm to the developing fetus during embryo development?
Alcohol, drugs, and environmental contaminants
What do the umbilical arteries carry?
Deoxygenated blood
What percentage of preembryos die prior to implantation?
30%
What is a potential consequence of chronic alcohol use during pregnancy?
Increased risk of fetal alcohol syndrome
Which method provides information on genetic abnormalities and fetal development?
Amniocentesis
What are implicated in fetal death and severe defects/damage?
HIV, rubella, and bacterial vaginosis
What major internal and external features take shape during the embryonic period?
During the embryonic period, the neural tube, eyes, otic pits, pharyngeal arches, heart, rapid brain expansion, and limb buds for hands and feet take shape.
What happens during the fetal period?
During the fetal period, there is further growth and development of the systems established during the embryo phase, and the fetal heart beat can be detected at week 12.
At what point can the carrier feel fetal movement during pregnancy?
The carrier can feel fetal movement at 4-5 months into the pregnancy.
What occurs in the fetus during the 6th month of pregnancy?
In the 6th month, the fetus's skin is covered in fatty secretions (vernix caseosa) and downy hair (lanugo).
What are some physical changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?
The cardiovascular system output increases as blood volume increases by 45-50%. Blood pressure often also increases.
What hormones are involved in the endocrinology of pregnancy?
Progesterone from the corpus luteum helps to establish the placenta and increases fat depositions. hCG prevents the corpus luteum from regressing. The placenta secretes several estrogens, mainly estriol, and progesterone, as well as human placental lactogen (hPL).
What are some common pregnancy complications?
Some common pregnancy complications include constipation, headaches, varicose veins, heartburn, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, ectopic pregnancies, miscarriage, hydatidiform moles, septic pregnancy, and hemorrhage.
What is preeclampsia and who is at higher risk for it?
Preeclampsia, or toxemia, develops in months 8-9 in 6-7% of pregnancies. It is most common in primiparous/multiparous carriers over age 35, black carriers, those with hypertension, and obesity.
What is gestational diabetes and how is it controlled?
Gestational diabetes occurs in 1/350 pregnancies in the US. The carrier's cells do not respond well enough to insulin, causing an increase in blood glucose levels and abnormally large fetuses. It is controlled through diet, exercise, and in severe cases medication.
What is the occurrence rate of ectopic pregnancies in the US?
The occurrence rate of ectopic pregnancies in the US is 1%, with most occurring as tubal pregnancies (96%) and the rest as abdominal pregnancies (4%).
What are the risk factors for abdominal pregnancies?
Risk factors for abdominal pregnancies include age, multiparious carriers, non-whites, previous pelvic inflammation/endometriosis, and certain forms of birth control use (mini pill, IUD, tubal sterilization).
What are some other pregnancy complications?
Other pregnancy complications include hydatidiform moles, septic pregnancy, and hemorrhage.
What percentage of successful full-term pregnancies involve healthy newborns?
Of those pregnancies which reach full term, 87% involve healthy newborns.
What is the pregnancy risk of death for carriers in Canada?
The pregnancy risk of death for carriers in Canada is 11/100000 (0.0011%).
What is the main function of human placental lactogen (hPL)?
Human placental lactogen (hPL) helps increase glucose for fetal nutrition.
What are some potential consequences of chronic alcohol use during pregnancy?
Some potential consequences of chronic alcohol use during pregnancy include fetal death and severe defects/damage.
Explain the role of the umbilical cord in fetal development.
The umbilical cord is responsible for transferring nutrients and oxygen from the carrier to the fetus through the umbilical vein, and for removing waste products from the fetus back to the carrier through the umbilical arteries.
What are the potential risks associated with Rh incompatibility during pregnancy?
Rh incompatibility can lead to the production of antibodies in the carrier's body, which may attack Rh+ fetuses in subsequent pregnancies, potentially causing harm to the fetus.
Discuss the impact of environmental pollutants on embryo development.
Environmental pollutants, such as mercury, lead, and arsenic, can be especially damaging during weeks 4-7 of embryo development, potentially leading to adverse effects on the developing fetus.
How do substances like alcohol, drugs, and environmental contaminants affect the developing fetus?
Substances like alcohol, drugs, and environmental contaminants can cause harm to the developing fetus, particularly during embryo development, and can lead to severe negative effects during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Explain the significance of early nervous system development in fetal development.
The early development of the nervous system around week 8 allows for neuromuscular coordination and sensory nervous system development, playing a crucial role in the overall fetal development process.
What are some methods used for fetal evaluation?
Fetal evaluation methods include amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), fetoscopy, and ultrasound, which provide information on genetic abnormalities and fetal development.
Discuss the impact of radiation exposure on the developing fetus.
Radiation exposure can be harmful to the developing fetus, acting as a mutagen and increasing the risk of birth defects, making it a potential risk factor during pregnancy.
What percentage of preembryos die prior to implantation?
Approximately 30% of preembryos die prior to implantation, highlighting the challenges associated with early stages of pregnancy and embryo development.
Explain the relationship between the carrier's blood circulation and the fetal circulatory system.
The carrier's blood circulation and the fetal circulatory system are connected through the umbilical cord, with the umbilical vein carrying oxygenated blood and the umbilical arteries carrying deoxygenated blood, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and waste products.
What are the main nutrients transferred from the carrier to the fetus through the umbilical cord?
The main nutrients transferred from the carrier to the fetus through the umbilical cord include sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, playing a crucial role in supporting fetal development.
Discuss the impact of Rh incompatibility on future pregnancies.
Rh incompatibility can affect future pregnancies carried by the carrier when the carrier is Rh- and the sperm donor is Rh+, potentially leading to antibodies attacking Rh+ fetuses in subsequent pregnancies, highlighting the importance of Rh compatibility in pregnancy.
What are some factors that can potentially lead to congenital disorders?
Genetic/chromosomal abnormalities are related to congenital disorders, with only 1/3 of all embryos created resulting in a live birth, emphasizing the significance of genetic factors in fetal development and the occurrence of congenital disorders.
During which week does the neural tube begin to develop in the embryonic period?
Week 3
At which week do finger rays emerge during the embryonic period?
Week 6
At what stage does the fetus's skin become covered in vernix caseosa and lanugo?
6 months
What occurs in the fetus during the 6th month of pregnancy?
skin covered in fatty secretions (vernix caseosa) and downy hair (lanugo)
During pregnancy, the overall red blood cell count increases by __%
20-30
Preeclampsia (toxemia) develops in months 8-9 in -% of pregnancies
6-7
Gestational diabetes occurs in __/350 in the US
1
The occurrence rate of ectopic pregnancies in the US is __%
1
Nearly half of all zygotes/preembryos spontaneously abort – miscarry – right before or after implantation. Roughly __% of established pregnancies result in miscarriage
15
Of those pregnancies which reach full term, __% involve healthy newborns
87
The pregnancy risk of death for carriers in Canada is __/100000 (0.0011%)
11
Mild forms of preeclampsia are treated with diet/monitoring, severe cases require __ delivery
premature
Hydatidiform Moles result in abnormal development of chorionic villi, resulting in a fluid-filled cystic __
tumor
The carrier's cells do not respond well enough to insulin in __ diabetes
gestational
The placenta begins to secrete several estrogens, mainly __, around week 5 of pregnancy
estriol
The cardiovascular system output increases as blood volume increases by -% during pregnancy
45-50
Approximately 30% of ______ die prior to implantation, and only 1/3 of all embryos created result in a live birth, with genetic/chromosomal abnormalities related to congenital disorders
preembryos
Rh incompatibility affects future fetuses carried by the carrier when the carrier is Rh- and the sperm donor is Rh+, leading to antibodies attacking Rh+ fetuses in subsequent ______
pregnancies
Substances, agents, viruses, and bacteria, including alcohol, drugs, and environmental contaminants, can cause harm to the developing fetus, particularly during ______ development
embryo
Many viruses and bacteria, such as HIV, rubella, and bacterial vaginosis, are implicated in fetal death and severe ______/damage
defects
Environmental pollutants, including mercury, lead, and arsenic, are especially damaging during weeks 4-7 of ______ development
embryo
Drugs, alcohol, and tobacco can have severe negative effects during the first trimester, with alcohol able to pass across the placental barrier and chronic use increasing the risk of fetal alcohol ______
syndrome
Radiation exposure can be harmful to the developing child as it acts as a mutagen, increasing the risk of ______ defects
birth
Fetal evaluation methods include amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), fetoscopy, and ______, providing information on genetic abnormalities and fetal development
ultrasound
The growing uterus displaces other organs in the abdominal and pelvic region of the carrier, causing temporary displacement and stretching of muscles and skin to accommodate the ______
fetus
Most of the fetus's nutrients come from the carrier through the umbilical cord, including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, while wastes are passed back to the ______
carrier
The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood, and there are three mechanisms of diversion in the circulatory ______
system
The nervous system begins development around week 8, allowing for early neuromuscular coordination and sensory nervous system ______
development
Study Notes
Key Points on Pregnancy and Fetal Development
- The growing uterus displaces other organs in the abdominal and pelvic region of the carrier, causing temporary displacement and stretching of muscles and skin to accommodate the fetus.
- Most of the fetus's nutrients come from the carrier through the umbilical cord, including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, while wastes are passed back to the carrier.
- The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood, and there are three mechanisms of diversion in the circulatory system.
- The nervous system begins development around week 8, allowing for early neuromuscular coordination and sensory nervous system development.
- Approximately 30% of preembryos die prior to implantation, and only 1/3 of all embryos created result in a live birth, with genetic/chromosomal abnormalities related to congenital disorders.
- Rh incompatibility affects future fetuses carried by the carrier when the carrier is Rh- and the sperm donor is Rh+, leading to antibodies attacking Rh+ fetuses in subsequent pregnancies.
- Substances, agents, viruses, and bacteria, including alcohol, drugs, and environmental contaminants, can cause harm to the developing fetus, particularly during embryo development.
- Many viruses and bacteria, such as HIV, rubella, and bacterial vaginosis, are implicated in fetal death and severe defects/damage.
- Environmental pollutants, including mercury, lead, and arsenic, are especially damaging during weeks 4-7 of embryo development.
- Drugs, alcohol, and tobacco can have severe negative effects during the first trimester, with alcohol able to pass across the placental barrier and chronic use increasing the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome.
- Radiation exposure can be harmful to the developing child as it acts as a mutagen, increasing the risk of birth defects.
- Fetal evaluation methods include amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), fetoscopy, and ultrasound, providing information on genetic abnormalities and fetal development.
Key Points on Pregnancy and Fetal Development
- The growing uterus displaces other organs in the abdominal and pelvic region of the carrier, causing temporary displacement and stretching of muscles and skin to accommodate the fetus.
- Most of the fetus's nutrients come from the carrier through the umbilical cord, including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, while wastes are passed back to the carrier.
- The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood, and there are three mechanisms of diversion in the circulatory system.
- The nervous system begins development around week 8, allowing for early neuromuscular coordination and sensory nervous system development.
- Approximately 30% of preembryos die prior to implantation, and only 1/3 of all embryos created result in a live birth, with genetic/chromosomal abnormalities related to congenital disorders.
- Rh incompatibility affects future fetuses carried by the carrier when the carrier is Rh- and the sperm donor is Rh+, leading to antibodies attacking Rh+ fetuses in subsequent pregnancies.
- Substances, agents, viruses, and bacteria, including alcohol, drugs, and environmental contaminants, can cause harm to the developing fetus, particularly during embryo development.
- Many viruses and bacteria, such as HIV, rubella, and bacterial vaginosis, are implicated in fetal death and severe defects/damage.
- Environmental pollutants, including mercury, lead, and arsenic, are especially damaging during weeks 4-7 of embryo development.
- Drugs, alcohol, and tobacco can have severe negative effects during the first trimester, with alcohol able to pass across the placental barrier and chronic use increasing the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome.
- Radiation exposure can be harmful to the developing child as it acts as a mutagen, increasing the risk of birth defects.
- Fetal evaluation methods include amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), fetoscopy, and ultrasound, providing information on genetic abnormalities and fetal development.
Key Points on Pregnancy and Fetal Development
- The growing uterus displaces other organs in the abdominal and pelvic region of the carrier, causing temporary displacement and stretching of muscles and skin to accommodate the fetus.
- Most of the fetus's nutrients come from the carrier through the umbilical cord, including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, while wastes are passed back to the carrier.
- The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood, and there are three mechanisms of diversion in the circulatory system.
- The nervous system begins development around week 8, allowing for early neuromuscular coordination and sensory nervous system development.
- Approximately 30% of preembryos die prior to implantation, and only 1/3 of all embryos created result in a live birth, with genetic/chromosomal abnormalities related to congenital disorders.
- Rh incompatibility affects future fetuses carried by the carrier when the carrier is Rh- and the sperm donor is Rh+, leading to antibodies attacking Rh+ fetuses in subsequent pregnancies.
- Substances, agents, viruses, and bacteria, including alcohol, drugs, and environmental contaminants, can cause harm to the developing fetus, particularly during embryo development.
- Many viruses and bacteria, such as HIV, rubella, and bacterial vaginosis, are implicated in fetal death and severe defects/damage.
- Environmental pollutants, including mercury, lead, and arsenic, are especially damaging during weeks 4-7 of embryo development.
- Drugs, alcohol, and tobacco can have severe negative effects during the first trimester, with alcohol able to pass across the placental barrier and chronic use increasing the risk of fetal alcohol syndrome.
- Radiation exposure can be harmful to the developing child as it acts as a mutagen, increasing the risk of birth defects.
- Fetal evaluation methods include amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), fetoscopy, and ultrasound, providing information on genetic abnormalities and fetal development.
Test your knowledge of the embryonic period of pregnancy, particularly weeks 3-5 and 6-8, where major internal and external features take shape. Explore the development of the neural tube, eyes, otic pits, pharyngeal arches, heart, limb buds, and more.
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