Human Reproduction and Pregnancy

Questions and Answers

Where does implantation usually occur?

Body of the uterus

Lower uterine wall

Fundus of the uterus (correct)

Side of the uterus

In a tubal pregnancy, what will the patient probably require?

Remain in bed for the remainder of the pregnancy

Carry the pregnancy to term and have a cesarean delivery

Spontaneously abort this ectopic pregnancy

Require surgery to remove the zygote (correct)

How long does the embryonic stage of pregnancy usually last?

3 weeks

8 weeks (correct)

4 weeks

6 weeks

What disease is capable of causing birth defects when a patient is exposed during the first trimester?

Causing birth defects Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the placenta secrete along with estrogen and progesterone?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Signup and view all the answers

What protects the fetus from most bacterial invasions?

Placental barrier Signup and view all the answers

What does the intrapartal period in the maternity cycle cover?

Onset of labor to delivery of the placenta Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected date of birth (EDB) for a woman whose last menstrual period was July 10?

April 17 Signup and view all the answers

Which is a positive sign of pregnancy?

Ultrasonic tracing of the fetus Signup and view all the answers

Why does frequency of urination occur early in pregnancy?

Increased circulating volume Signup and view all the answers

Sexual activity during pregnancy should be?

Ceased in case of vaginal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

How is the obstetrical information recorded for a woman who is pregnant for the third time with two term births and one miscarriage?

G3, T1, A1, L2 Signup and view all the answers

When can a primigravida expect to feel fetal movement?

16 weeks Signup and view all the answers

At what fetal developmental week can the fetal heart tone be heard with an amplified stethoscope?

16 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Maternal antibodies transferred to the baby provide immunity for how long?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

What can help relieve morning sickness during the first trimester?

Eating dry crackers before getting up Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of the increase in circulating volume during pregnancy?

Decreased hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What recommendation can be made to reduce chloasma during pregnancy?

Avoid exposure to the sun Signup and view all the answers

What should a pregnant patient do to alleviate urinary frequency during the final weeks of pregnancy?

Sleep on her side Signup and view all the answers

Which complaint could signal danger in a pregnant teenager?

Visual disturbances Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended to prevent or relieve lower back pain during pregnancy?

Wear low-heeled shoes Signup and view all the answers

What can help a pregnant woman having difficulty sleeping?

Drink a glass of warm milk before bedtime Signup and view all the answers

At 6 weeks, which organ has a functioning role in the embryo?

Heart Signup and view all the answers

What effect can smoking have on a fetus?

Low birth weight Signup and view all the answers

When can the sex of the fetus be well defined?

9 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the fetal well-being test called that helps determine fetal lung maturity?

Amniocentesis Signup and view all the answers

What should a pregnant woman's diet include more of?

Leafy green vegetables and fruit Signup and view all the answers

What sign of pregnancy complication must be reported to the physician?

Vaginal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What do the arteries in the umbilical cord carry?

Deoxygenated blood back to the placenta Signup and view all the answers

To assess an accurate fundal height, what should the patient do?

Empty her bladder Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics can amniocentesis determine? Match the options.

Sex = True Maturity = True Approximate weight = False Health = True Genetic defects = True Signup and view all the answers

What is the fetal side of the placenta called?

Shiny Schultz Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of the fetal membrane?

Chorion and amnion Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected fundal height during the 30th week of gestation?

30 cm Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a reactive result in a non-stress test regarding fetal heart rate?

15 beats per minute Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Implantation and Ectopic Pregnancy

Implantation of the fertilized ovum typically occurs in the fundus of the uterus.
Ectopic pregnancy requires surgical removal of the zygote, as it occurs outside the uterine cavity.

Embryonic Development

The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts about 8 weeks, marking significant early development.

Teratogens

German measles (rubella) during the first trimester can lead to birth defects, making it a serious concern for pregnant women.

Placenta Functions

The placenta acts as an endocrine gland, secreting hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
It serves as a barrier, protecting the fetus from most bacteria while still allowing some substances to pass.

Maternity Cycle and Estimated Date of Birth

The intrapartal period spans the onset of labor to the delivery of the placenta.
The estimated date of birth (EDB) is calculated by counting from the first day of the last menstrual period, subtracting three months and adding seven days.

Signs of Pregnancy

A positive sign of pregnancy includes ultrasonic tracing of the fetus, while other signs such as Chadwick's and Goodell's are considered probable signs.

Urinary Frequency

Increased urinary frequency in early pregnancy is attributed to increased circulating volume and pressure from the enlarging uterus on the bladder.
In later pregnancy, urinary frequency may return due to the enlarged uterus compressing the bladder.

Sexual Activity and Pregnancy

Sexual activity should cease if vaginal bleeding occurs until the cause is determined.

Obstetrical Terminology

Gravida (G) indicates total pregnancies, Term (T) indicates term births, Abortion (A) indicates miscarriages, and Living (L) indicates living children.

Fetal Movement and Heart Tone

First fetal movements (quickening) can be felt between 16-18 weeks of gestation.
The fetal heart tone can be detected with an amplified stethoscope around 16 weeks.

Maternal Immunity Transfer

Maternal antibodies transferred to the baby provide immunity for up to 6 months post-birth.

Morning Sickness Remedies

Eating dry crackers before getting up may alleviate morning sickness.

Hemoglobin Levels

An increase in maternal circulating volume during pregnancy can result in a relative decrease in hemoglobin levels.

Chloasma Management

To reduce chloasma (skin pigmentation changes), pregnant women should avoid sun exposure.

Nutrition During Pregnancy

A well-balanced diet should include more leafy green vegetables and fruits, emphasizing dietary roughage.

Danger Signals

Vaginal bleeding during any time in pregnancy is a cause for immediate medical consultation.

Umbilical Cord Arteries

The umbilical cord carries deoxygenated blood back to the placenta via its arteries.

Fundal Height Measurement

Accurate measurement of fundal height requires the bladder to be emptied beforehand.

Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis is a procedure used to determine the sex, maturity, health, and genetic defects of the fetus.

Placenta Structure

The fetal side of the placenta is known as "Shiny Schultz," while the maternal side is referred to as "Dirty Duncan."

Fetal Membranes

The chorion and the amnion make up the fetal membranes, important for fetal development.

Fundal Height at 30 Weeks

Fundal height in centimeters typically equals the gestational age in weeks; thus, at 30 weeks, it would measure 30 centimeters.

Non-Stress Test

A reactive non-stress test shows an increase of at least 15 beats per minute in the fetal heart rate upon stimulation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on human reproduction, including implantation, ectopic pregnancy, and embryonic development. This quiz covers the functions of the placenta, the impact of teratogens, and important aspects of the maternity cycle. Prepare to dive into the fascinating process of human gestation and birth!