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Questions and Answers
What is formed by the fusion of the two endocardial tubes?
What is the first sign of primitive heart chambers during heart development?
During which weeks does septation of the atria occur?
Which structure acts as a flap-like valve allowing only right to left blood flow?
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What connects the primitive atrium and ventricle eventually developing into the tricuspid and mitral valves?
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What separates the right and left ventricles during heart development?
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What occurs after the ostium primum closes during atrial septation?
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What structure is responsible for the 180-degree spiraling process that forms the aorticopulmonary septum?
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What is the most common initial symptom of Tetralogy of Fallot in infancy?
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Which physiological change occurs during a Tet Spell to improve oxygenation?
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What is the preferred diagnostic test for confirming Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What is the consequence of transposition of the great arteries without intervention?
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What characteristic finding is noted on a chest X-ray for Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What is a primary clinical manifestation of transposition of the great arteries in neonates?
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In the management of severe RVOT obstruction in neonates, which of the following is NOT a recommended treatment?
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Which diagnostic tool is primarily used for identifying transposition of the great arteries?
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Which of the following is a common electrocardiogram finding in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot?
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What anatomical defect is associated with transposition of the great vessels?
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What distinguishing feature is observed in a chest X-ray for transposition of the great arteries?
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What is the survival rate after corrective surgery for transposition of the great arteries?
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What is the typical age for surgical repair in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot?
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In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which ventricle primarily supports both pulmonary and systemic circulations?
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What is the birth prevalence of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) in the United States?
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What factor significantly contributes to the high rate of neonatal cardiac deaths from hypoplastic left heart syndrome if left untreated?
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What is a key characteristic of Kawasaki Disease regarding its onset?
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Which of the following is a common complication associated with Kawasaki Disease?
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What is the preferred management method for reducing coronary complications in Kawasaki Disease?
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What age group is primarily affected by Kawasaki Disease?
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Which lab findings are commonly seen in Kawasaki Disease?
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What condition relies on a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) for adequate systemic perfusion?
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Which symptom is primarily associated with the onset of cyanosis in hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
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What is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in adults?
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Which of the following findings is NOT typical for patients with congenital aortic stenosis?
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What is a common diagnostic method for pulmonic valve stenosis in children?
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In the context of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, what is the main treatment to maintain PDA?
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What is a key feature of valvular pulmonic stenosis?
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Which additional abnormality is noted in approximately 20% of individuals with congenital aortic stenosis?
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Study Notes
Embryonic Heart Development
- The endocardial heart tube forms by day 22.
- Heart starts beating around day 22 or 23.
- The heart tube forms five regions: truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and sinus venosus.
- The heart tube bends on itself around day 23 forming a U-shaped loop.
- The connection between the primitive atrium and ventricle is called the atrioventricular canal, which will become the tricuspid and mitral valves.
Septation of Atria
- Septation occurs between the 4th and 6th weeks.
- Septum primum, also known as the primary atrial septum, develops first.
- Ostium primum allows blood passage between the forming atria.
- Ostium secundum allows blood flow between atria after the ostium primum closes.
- Septum secundum is a more muscular membrane that forms after the ostium primum closes, overlapping the ostium secundum.
- Foramen ovale forms between the right and left atria, acting as a flap-like valve allowing only right-to-left flow.
Septation of Ventricles and Ventricular Outflow Tracts
- The primitive ventricle begins to grow at the end of the 4th week.
- Septum develops as a median muscular ridge known as the primitive interventricular septum.
- Interventricular foramen allows communication between the right and left ventricles.
- Bulbar ridges protrude during the 5th week, fusing to form the aorticopulmonary septum.
Tetralogy of Fallot
- Characterized by four defects: ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
- Symptoms may include cyanosis, poor feeding, dyspnea, and tet spells.
- Diagnosis is often made with an echocardiogram.
- Management includes prostaglandin therapy, surgical repair, and treatment of tet spells.
Transposition of the Great Arteries
- Occurs when the great arteries originate from the opposite ventricle: aorta from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery from the left ventricle.
- Most common cause of cyanosis in the neonatal period.
- Leads to two parallel circuits, preventing oxygenated blood from reaching the systemic circulation.
- Requires intervention such as prostaglandin E1, balloon septostomy, and corrective surgery.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
- Characterized by an underdeveloped left ventricle, mitral valve, aortic valve, and aortic arch.
- Requires continuous prostaglandin to maintain a patent ductus arteriosus and staged palliative surgical repair.
Congenital Aortic Stenosis (AS)
- Abnormal structural development of the aortic valve leaflets.
- Can lead to left ventricular hypertrophy and symptoms like tachycardia, tachypnea, and failure to thrive.
- Diagnosis is made with EKG, CXR, and echocardiogram.
- Treatment involves balloon valvuloplasty.
Pulmonic Valve Stenosis
- Obstruction to right ventricular outflow.
- Most commonly caused by valvular pulmonic stenosis.
- Causes right ventricular chamber hypertrophy.
- Symptoms include murmurs, right-sided heart failure, and dyspnea.
- Treatment includes balloon valvuloplasty.
Kawasaki Disease
- Self-limited necrotizing vasculitis that affects medium and small arteries, particularly coronary arteries.
- Characterized by high fever, irritability, and rash.
- Complications include coronary artery aneurysms, myocardial infarction, and pericarditis.
- Management includes intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin.
Childhood Hypertension
- Can lead to cardiovascular disease in adulthood.
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Description
Test your knowledge on embryonic heart development and atrial septation. This quiz covers critical topics like the formation of the heart tube, the regions of the heart, and the process of septation. Review key stages and structures involved in early heart development.
