Neurulation
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Questions and Answers

The Planar cell polarity pathway is essential for neural tube closure.

True (A)

Xdd1 disrupts only the Canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

False (B)

Mutations in the vangl gene are associated with neural tube defects.

True (A)

Xdsh-D2 affects both the Canonical and Planar cell polarity pathways.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Defects in the Planar cell polarity pathway can lead to craniorhachischisis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurulation involves the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All chordates possess a notochord at some stage of their development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary neurulation process occurs exclusively in mammalian embryos.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Activated BMP signaling promotes the formation of neural tube defects.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurula refers to a stage in embryo development before the neural plate forms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

E-cadherin and N-cadherin are involved in the transition during primary neurulation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The notochord is the only distinguishing feature observed in chordates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary neurulation occurs in the chick embryo as a straightforward and uniform process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The DEP domain is linked to the Canonical Wnt signaling pathway.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mutations in the vangl gene specifically result in neural tube failure due to disruption in the planar cell polarity pathway.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Xdd1 protein solely disrupts the planar cell polarity pathway.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Craniorhachischisis is a condition resulting from defective planar cell polarity and neural tube closure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The PDZ domain is unique to the canonical Wnt signaling and has no relation to planar cell polarity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurulation results in the formation of the neural tube from the neural plate.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All vertebrates exhibit a notochord only during their adult stage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary neurulation is not observed in non-mammalian species.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

BMP signaling has a role in promoting neural tube formation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pharyngeal slits are exclusive to vertebrates and do not appear in any other chordates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary neurulation can exhibit variations in mechanisms across different species.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

E-cadherin and N-cadherin play no role in the neurulation process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'neurula' refers to a stage after the formation of the neural tube.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The forebrain is also known as the prosencephalon.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rhombomeres are structures found in the midbrain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ephrin and ephrin receptor expression leads to the formation of rhombomeres in the primitive hindbrain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medulla is responsible for sleep regulation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Branchial arches are also known as pharyngeal arches.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hindbrain is also referred to as the rhombencephalon.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At 30 hours post-fertilization (hpf), the posterior neural tube has not yet begun to constrict.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temperature regulation is a function associated with the cerebellum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ephrin A & B are classified as 'receptors'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

KROX20 expression serves as a marker for rhombomere boundary formation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dorsal side of the nervous system is associated with motor neurons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

BMP and SHH gradients are indicated by distinct shading in neural patterning.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dorsalin is not a member of the BMP pathway.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

KROX20 boundaries become fuzzy when Ephrin B2A is knocked down.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Shh morphogen has no impact on neural tube gene expression.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The notochord is essential for inducing ventral neural tube structures.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eph4A is not essential for rhombomere boundary formation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Shh gradient moves from dorsal to ventral.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neurulation

The folding process in vertebrate embryos where the neural plate transforms into the neural tube.

Neural Tube

The structure formed from the neural plate during neurulation; the precursor to the central nervous system.

Primary Neurulation

The initial method of neural tube formation.

BMP signaling

A signaling pathway that can prevent neural tube formation if activated

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E-cadherin to N-cadherin

A transition in cell adhesion that may be involved during neurulation.

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Neural Plate

Flattened sheet-like structure.

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Notochord

A flexible rod-like structure that is part of the chordate features

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Pharyngeal Slits

structures that are present in chordate embryos but can be modified in later stages

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Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) Pathway

A signaling pathway essential for proper neural tube closure. It ensures coordinated cell movement and orientation during development.

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Dishevelled (Dsh)

A protein involved in both canonical Wnt signaling and PCP pathways. Different domains of Dsh are involved in each pathway.

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DPDZ Domain

A domain found in Dishevelled that mediates canonical Wnt signaling and PCP.

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DDEP Domain

A domain found in Dishevelled specifically involved in PCP signaling.

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Vangl Protein

A crucial protein in the PCP pathway. It binds to Dishevelled and is essential for proper neural tube closure.

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Chordate Features

Distinguishing characteristics of organisms belonging to the phylum Chordata. These features are present at some stage during development.

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Neural Tube Defects

Abnormalities in the closure of the neural tube during development, leading to conditions like spina bifida or anencephaly.

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Apical-Basal Polarity

The orientation of cells within a tissue, with one end pointed towards the outside (apical) and the other towards the inside (basal).

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E-cadherin to N-cadherin Transition

A change in cell adhesion during neurulation involving different types of proteins.

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Xenopus, Chick, Zebrafish

Different model organisms used in developmental biology research to study neurulation.

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Secondary Neurulation

A mechanism of neural tube formation that involves the condensation of mesenchyme cells into an epithelial tube, distinct from primary neurulation involving folding.

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Dishevelled (Dsh) Protein

A key protein involved in both canonical Wnt signaling and PCP pathways. Different domains of Dsh are involved in each pathway.

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DPDZ and DDEP Domains

Domains within the Dishevelled (Dsh) protein. DPDZ is involved in both canonical Wnt signaling and PCP. DDEP is specifically involved in PCP.

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Craniorhachischisis

A severe birth defect resulting from a complete failure of neural tube closure, leading to an open spinal cord and skull.

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Rhombomeres

Segmented structures found in the hindbrain during early development. Rhombomeres arise from metameric regions of the neural tube.

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Ephrin

A signaling molecule that helps establish distinct boundaries in the hindbrain. Ephrin molecules act as a chemorepulsive signal, pushing cells away.

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Ephrin Receptor

A protein receptor that binds to Ephrin molecules. Ephrin receptors are also involved in the formation of distinct boundaries in the hindbrain.

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Chemorepulsive

A type of cell signaling where a molecule repels or drives cells away from each other. Ephrin and its receptor function as a chemorepulsive pair in hindbrain development.

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Guthrie, 2007

A research paper published in 2007 in the journal Nature Reviews Neuroscience, titled 'Formation of midbrain and hindbrain.'

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Lumsden, 1999

A research paper published in 1999 in the journal Nature, investigating the role of Ephrin signaling in the development of the hindbrain.

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Future Retina

The part of the developing brain that will ultimately become the retina of the eye.

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Pharyngeal Arches

Structures that develop in the early embryo and contribute to the formation of different facial and neck structures.

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Ephrin Signaling

A type of cell-to-cell communication where Eph receptors on one cell bind to Ephrin ligands on a neighboring cell, leading to changes in both cells.

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Juxtacrine Interaction

A type of cell-cell signaling where the signaling molecule (ligand) is attached to the surface of one cell and interacts with a receptor on the surface of a neighboring cell.

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Rhombomere Boundaries

Distinct segments along the hindbrain, marked by specific gene expression.

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KROX20 Expression

A marker gene used to identify rhombomere boundaries in developing embryos.

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Dorsal-Ventral Axis of the Nervous System

The organization of the nervous system along a top-to-bottom axis, with different cell types arranged in specific regions.

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Morphogens

Signaling molecules that influence the development of different cell types based on their concentration.

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BMP and SHH

Two key morphogens that influence the dorsal-ventral patterning of the nervous system.

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Dorsalin

A molecule involved in the BMP pathway and crucial for dorsal patterning of the nervous system.

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Inductive Properties of the Notochord

The ability of the notochord to influence the development of neighboring cells, particularly those in the ventral neural tube.

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Study Notes

Nervous System Development

  • Images of a developing embryo highlight the expression of various transcription factors (Pax7, Pax6, Olig2, Nkx2.2, FoxA2) in specific regions, suggesting crucial roles in nervous system patterning.

Chordate Distinguishing Features

  • Notochord: A defining feature of chordates
  • Hollow dorsal nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits (or arches/pouches in vertebrates)
  • Endostyle (thyroid in vertebrates)

Neurulation

  • A crucial embryonic process in vertebrates
  • Involves the folding of the neural plate into the neural tube.
  • The embryo at this stage is called a neurula.
  • Neurulation is a folding process in vertebrate embryos

Major Derivatives of the Ectoderm Germ Layer

  • Ectoderm gives rise to:
    • Epidermis (hair, nails, glands)
    • Peripheral nervous system
    • Adrenal medulla
    • Melanocytes
    • Sensory neurons
    • Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
    • Facial cartilage/dentine (of teeth)
    • Brain
    • Pituitary
    • Spinal cord
    • Motor neurons
    • Retina

Primary Neurulation

  • This is a stage of neural tube formation in the chick embryo, involving several distinct steps.
  • Elongation stage: The neural plate elongates.
  • Folding: The neural plate folds to form the neural groove.
  • Elevation of neural folds: Neural folds elevate to form a neural groove.
  • Convergence: Neural folds converge and fuse to form the neural tube.
  • Closure: The neural tube completely closes.
  • Specific morphogens (BMPs, Noggin, Shh, MHP) regulate these processes.
  • Multiple variations exist in the mechanisms of primary neurulation in different vertebrate species.

Secondary Neurulation

  • Different variations exist to form the neural tube
  • Mouse medullary "rosette" model
  • Mouse medullary "plate" model
  • Chick model
  • These methods all involve condensing cells to generate the neural tube

Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) Pathway

  • The PCP pathway is essential for proper neural tube closure.
  • Genes like Vangl and Dishevelled (Dsh) play significant roles in PCP signaling
  • Mutations or disruptions in PCP components can lead to neural tube defects.

Neuronal Tube Defects

  • Defects in neurulation can result in various conditions
  • Examples: Craniorachischisis, anencephaly, open spina bifida, encephalocele, Iniencephaly

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Neurulation BIO361 PDF
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Description

Explore the intricate processes of nervous system development, focusing on embryonic stages such as neurulation and key features of chordates. This quiz covers various transcription factors, germ layers, and their derivatives crucial for vertebrate formation.

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