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Questions and Answers
The Planar cell polarity pathway is essential for neural tube closure.
The Planar cell polarity pathway is essential for neural tube closure.
True
Xdd1 disrupts only the Canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
Xdd1 disrupts only the Canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
False
Mutations in the vangl gene are associated with neural tube defects.
Mutations in the vangl gene are associated with neural tube defects.
True
Xdsh-D2 affects both the Canonical and Planar cell polarity pathways.
Xdsh-D2 affects both the Canonical and Planar cell polarity pathways.
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Defects in the Planar cell polarity pathway can lead to craniorhachischisis.
Defects in the Planar cell polarity pathway can lead to craniorhachischisis.
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Neurulation involves the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
Neurulation involves the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
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All chordates possess a notochord at some stage of their development.
All chordates possess a notochord at some stage of their development.
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The primary neurulation process occurs exclusively in mammalian embryos.
The primary neurulation process occurs exclusively in mammalian embryos.
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Activated BMP signaling promotes the formation of neural tube defects.
Activated BMP signaling promotes the formation of neural tube defects.
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Neurula refers to a stage in embryo development before the neural plate forms.
Neurula refers to a stage in embryo development before the neural plate forms.
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E-cadherin and N-cadherin are involved in the transition during primary neurulation.
E-cadherin and N-cadherin are involved in the transition during primary neurulation.
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The notochord is the only distinguishing feature observed in chordates.
The notochord is the only distinguishing feature observed in chordates.
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Primary neurulation occurs in the chick embryo as a straightforward and uniform process.
Primary neurulation occurs in the chick embryo as a straightforward and uniform process.
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The DEP domain is linked to the Canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
The DEP domain is linked to the Canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
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Mutations in the vangl gene specifically result in neural tube failure due to disruption in the planar cell polarity pathway.
Mutations in the vangl gene specifically result in neural tube failure due to disruption in the planar cell polarity pathway.
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The Xdd1 protein solely disrupts the planar cell polarity pathway.
The Xdd1 protein solely disrupts the planar cell polarity pathway.
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Craniorhachischisis is a condition resulting from defective planar cell polarity and neural tube closure.
Craniorhachischisis is a condition resulting from defective planar cell polarity and neural tube closure.
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The PDZ domain is unique to the canonical Wnt signaling and has no relation to planar cell polarity.
The PDZ domain is unique to the canonical Wnt signaling and has no relation to planar cell polarity.
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Neurulation results in the formation of the neural tube from the neural plate.
Neurulation results in the formation of the neural tube from the neural plate.
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All vertebrates exhibit a notochord only during their adult stage.
All vertebrates exhibit a notochord only during their adult stage.
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Primary neurulation is not observed in non-mammalian species.
Primary neurulation is not observed in non-mammalian species.
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BMP signaling has a role in promoting neural tube formation.
BMP signaling has a role in promoting neural tube formation.
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Pharyngeal slits are exclusive to vertebrates and do not appear in any other chordates.
Pharyngeal slits are exclusive to vertebrates and do not appear in any other chordates.
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Primary neurulation can exhibit variations in mechanisms across different species.
Primary neurulation can exhibit variations in mechanisms across different species.
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E-cadherin and N-cadherin play no role in the neurulation process.
E-cadherin and N-cadherin play no role in the neurulation process.
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The term 'neurula' refers to a stage after the formation of the neural tube.
The term 'neurula' refers to a stage after the formation of the neural tube.
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The forebrain is also known as the prosencephalon.
The forebrain is also known as the prosencephalon.
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Rhombomeres are structures found in the midbrain.
Rhombomeres are structures found in the midbrain.
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Ephrin and ephrin receptor expression leads to the formation of rhombomeres in the primitive hindbrain.
Ephrin and ephrin receptor expression leads to the formation of rhombomeres in the primitive hindbrain.
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The medulla is responsible for sleep regulation.
The medulla is responsible for sleep regulation.
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Branchial arches are also known as pharyngeal arches.
Branchial arches are also known as pharyngeal arches.
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The hindbrain is also referred to as the rhombencephalon.
The hindbrain is also referred to as the rhombencephalon.
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At 30 hours post-fertilization (hpf), the posterior neural tube has not yet begun to constrict.
At 30 hours post-fertilization (hpf), the posterior neural tube has not yet begun to constrict.
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Temperature regulation is a function associated with the cerebellum.
Temperature regulation is a function associated with the cerebellum.
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Ephrin A & B are classified as 'receptors'.
Ephrin A & B are classified as 'receptors'.
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KROX20 expression serves as a marker for rhombomere boundary formation.
KROX20 expression serves as a marker for rhombomere boundary formation.
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The dorsal side of the nervous system is associated with motor neurons.
The dorsal side of the nervous system is associated with motor neurons.
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BMP and SHH gradients are indicated by distinct shading in neural patterning.
BMP and SHH gradients are indicated by distinct shading in neural patterning.
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Dorsalin is not a member of the BMP pathway.
Dorsalin is not a member of the BMP pathway.
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KROX20 boundaries become fuzzy when Ephrin B2A is knocked down.
KROX20 boundaries become fuzzy when Ephrin B2A is knocked down.
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Shh morphogen has no impact on neural tube gene expression.
Shh morphogen has no impact on neural tube gene expression.
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The notochord is essential for inducing ventral neural tube structures.
The notochord is essential for inducing ventral neural tube structures.
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Eph4A is not essential for rhombomere boundary formation.
Eph4A is not essential for rhombomere boundary formation.
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The Shh gradient moves from dorsal to ventral.
The Shh gradient moves from dorsal to ventral.
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Study Notes
Nervous System Development
- Images of a developing embryo highlight the expression of various transcription factors (Pax7, Pax6, Olig2, Nkx2.2, FoxA2) in specific regions, suggesting crucial roles in nervous system patterning.
Chordate Distinguishing Features
- Notochord: A defining feature of chordates
- Hollow dorsal nerve cord
- Pharyngeal slits (or arches/pouches in vertebrates)
- Endostyle (thyroid in vertebrates)
Neurulation
- A crucial embryonic process in vertebrates
- Involves the folding of the neural plate into the neural tube.
- The embryo at this stage is called a neurula.
- Neurulation is a folding process in vertebrate embryos
Major Derivatives of the Ectoderm Germ Layer
- Ectoderm gives rise to:
- Epidermis (hair, nails, glands)
- Peripheral nervous system
- Adrenal medulla
- Melanocytes
- Sensory neurons
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- Facial cartilage/dentine (of teeth)
- Brain
- Pituitary
- Spinal cord
- Motor neurons
- Retina
Primary Neurulation
- This is a stage of neural tube formation in the chick embryo, involving several distinct steps.
- Elongation stage: The neural plate elongates.
- Folding: The neural plate folds to form the neural groove.
- Elevation of neural folds: Neural folds elevate to form a neural groove.
- Convergence: Neural folds converge and fuse to form the neural tube.
- Closure: The neural tube completely closes.
- Specific morphogens (BMPs, Noggin, Shh, MHP) regulate these processes.
- Multiple variations exist in the mechanisms of primary neurulation in different vertebrate species.
Secondary Neurulation
- Different variations exist to form the neural tube
- Mouse medullary "rosette" model
- Mouse medullary "plate" model
- Chick model
- These methods all involve condensing cells to generate the neural tube
Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) Pathway
- The PCP pathway is essential for proper neural tube closure.
- Genes like Vangl and Dishevelled (Dsh) play significant roles in PCP signaling
- Mutations or disruptions in PCP components can lead to neural tube defects.
Neuronal Tube Defects
- Defects in neurulation can result in various conditions
- Examples: Craniorachischisis, anencephaly, open spina bifida, encephalocele, Iniencephaly
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Description
Explore the intricate processes of nervous system development, focusing on embryonic stages such as neurulation and key features of chordates. This quiz covers various transcription factors, germ layers, and their derivatives crucial for vertebrate formation.
