Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the total body water content in liters for a 70 kg person?
What is the total body water content in liters for a 70 kg person?
- 28 L
- 14 L
- 60 L
- 42 L (correct)
What percentage of the total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF) in a 70 kg person?
What percentage of the total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF) in a 70 kg person?
- 42.9%
- 25%
- 66.7% (correct)
- 33.3%
What is the volume of interstitial fluid in liters for a 70 kg person?
What is the volume of interstitial fluid in liters for a 70 kg person?
- 14 L
- 10.5 L (correct)
- 28 L
- 3.5 L
What is the daily recommended water intake in liters?
What is the daily recommended water intake in liters?
How do aging and breathing affect the appearance of oral mucous membranes?
How do aging and breathing affect the appearance of oral mucous membranes?
What are the clinical manifestations of intracellular fluid loss?
What are the clinical manifestations of intracellular fluid loss?
What is a rare autosomal dominant disorder causing recurrent attacks of muscle weakness or paralysis?
What is a rare autosomal dominant disorder causing recurrent attacks of muscle weakness or paralysis?
What is a common cause of hypokalemia?
What is a common cause of hypokalemia?
What should be avoided when giving intravenous potassium for hypokalemia?
What should be avoided when giving intravenous potassium for hypokalemia?
Which symptom is associated with hyperkalemia?
Which symptom is associated with hyperkalemia?
What is used to treat severe hyperkalemia by stimulating cellular uptake of potassium?
What is used to treat severe hyperkalemia by stimulating cellular uptake of potassium?
What is a cause of pseudohyperkalemia?
What is a cause of pseudohyperkalemia?
What plays a crucial role in regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?
What plays a crucial role in regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?
What is the principal extracellular cation?
What is the principal extracellular cation?
What indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances other than sodium, urea, or glucose?
What indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances other than sodium, urea, or glucose?
What is affected by sodium concentration, which in turn is influenced by blood volume?
What is affected by sodium concentration, which in turn is influenced by blood volume?
What physical property is crucial for hypothalamic responses and is affected by sodium concentration?
What physical property is crucial for hypothalamic responses and is affected by sodium concentration?
What regulates thirst and the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What regulates thirst and the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
What percentage of filtered sodium is normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
What percentage of filtered sodium is normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
Which hormone stimulates sodium reabsorption in the distal parts of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts?
Which hormone stimulates sodium reabsorption in the distal parts of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts?
What is the most common cause of hyponatremia due to water retention?
What is the most common cause of hyponatremia due to water retention?
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?
What does ECF volume depend on?
What does ECF volume depend on?
What is the treatment for hyponatremia dependent on?
What is the treatment for hyponatremia dependent on?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of hypernatraemia?
Which of the following is a clinical feature of hypernatraemia?
What is the recommended maximal rate for correcting hypernatraemia to avoid cerebral edema and death?
What is the recommended maximal rate for correcting hypernatraemia to avoid cerebral edema and death?
What is the serum sodium level associated with a mortality rate of 60-75% in hypernatraemia?
What is the serum sodium level associated with a mortality rate of 60-75% in hypernatraemia?
What is the role of potassium (K) in determining the resting membrane potential of cells?
What is the role of potassium (K) in determining the resting membrane potential of cells?
What can hyperkalaemia cause that warrants serum potassium checks after cardiac arrest?
What can hyperkalaemia cause that warrants serum potassium checks after cardiac arrest?
What is the reciprocal relationship between potassium and hydrogen ions in acidosis and alkalosis?
What is the reciprocal relationship between potassium and hydrogen ions in acidosis and alkalosis?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Hypernatraemia and Hyperkalaemia: Key Points
- Hypernatraemia is defined as a serum sodium level above the reference interval of 133–146 mmol/L, developing due to water loss or sodium gain.
- Causes of hypernatraemia include excess water loss, decreased water intake, and increased sodium intake or retention (salt poisoning).
- Clinical features of hypernatraemia include altered mental status, seizures, fever, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, restlessness, and muscle twitching.
- Hypernatraemia with a serum sodium level of more than 160 mmol/L is associated with a mortality rate of 60-75%.
- Urine osmolality of 700 mOsm/kg, loss of thirst, insensible loss of water, GI loss of hypotonic fluid, and excess intake of sodium are related to hypernatraemia.
- Treatment of hypernatraemia involves correcting pure water loss with oral or IV water, administering sodium for dehydration, and using diuretics and natriuresis for salt poisoning and sodium overload.
- The maximal rate for correcting hypernatraemia should be 0.5 mmol/L per hour to avoid cerebral edema and death.
- Sodium can be measured in serum, plasma, urine, and sweat, and hemolysis does not significantly affect serum or plasma values of sodium.
- Potassium (K) disorders are important due to K's role in determining the resting membrane potential of cells, and changes in plasma K levels can cause fatal consequences such as arrhythmias.
- Factors affecting plasma K concentration include intracellular K reservoir, K intake and excretion routes, and redistribution of potassium.
- There is a reciprocal relationship between potassium and hydrogen ions in acidosis and alkalosis, affecting urinary loss of potassium.
- Hyperkalaemia, the commonest and most serious electrolyte emergency, can cause muscle weakness, cardiac arrest, and ECG changes that mimic other conditions, warranting serum potassium checks after cardiac arrest.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
