Electrolyte Imbalance Quiz: Test Your Knowledge on Electrolyte Imbalances

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Questions and Answers

What is the total body water content in liters for a 70 kg person?

28 L

14 L

60 L

42 L (correct)

What percentage of the total body water is intracellular fluid (ICF) in a 70 kg person?

42.9%

25%

66.7% (correct)

33.3%

What is the volume of interstitial fluid in liters for a 70 kg person?

14 L

10.5 L (correct)

28 L

3.5 L

What is the daily recommended water intake in liters?

1.5-2 L Signup and view all the answers

How do aging and breathing affect the appearance of oral mucous membranes?

They may appear dry in patients breathing through their mouths. Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical manifestations of intracellular fluid loss?

Lethargy, confusion & coma Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare autosomal dominant disorder causing recurrent attacks of muscle weakness or paralysis?

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypokalemia?

Refeeding Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided when giving intravenous potassium for hypokalemia?

Faster than 20 mmol/hour Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with hyperkalemia?

Cardiac arrhythmia Signup and view all the answers

What is used to treat severe hyperkalemia by stimulating cellular uptake of potassium?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is a cause of pseudohyperkalemia?

Potassium movement out of cells during or after drawing blood Signup and view all the answers

What plays a crucial role in regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal extracellular cation?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

What indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances other than sodium, urea, or glucose?

Osmolal gap Signup and view all the answers

What is affected by sodium concentration, which in turn is influenced by blood volume?

Osmolality Signup and view all the answers

What physical property is crucial for hypothalamic responses and is affected by sodium concentration?

Osmolality Signup and view all the answers

What regulates thirst and the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Hypothalamic osmoreceptor center Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of filtered sodium is normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

60-75% Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates sodium reabsorption in the distal parts of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of hyponatremia due to water retention?

SIAD (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion) Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?

Nausea, malaise, and headache Signup and view all the answers

What does ECF volume depend on?

Total body sodium content Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for hyponatremia dependent on?

Severity of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical feature of hypernatraemia?

Altered mental status and seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended maximal rate for correcting hypernatraemia to avoid cerebral edema and death?

$0.5 mmol/L$ per hour Signup and view all the answers

What is the serum sodium level associated with a mortality rate of 60-75% in hypernatraemia?

160 mmol/L Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of potassium (K) in determining the resting membrane potential of cells?

It stabilizes the resting membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

What can hyperkalaemia cause that warrants serum potassium checks after cardiac arrest?

Muscle weakness, cardiac arrest, and ECG changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the reciprocal relationship between potassium and hydrogen ions in acidosis and alkalosis?

Increased potassium in alkalosis and decreased potassium in acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hypernatraemia and Hyperkalaemia: Key Points

Hypernatraemia is defined as a serum sodium level above the reference interval of 133–146 mmol/L, developing due to water loss or sodium gain.
Causes of hypernatraemia include excess water loss, decreased water intake, and increased sodium intake or retention (salt poisoning).
Clinical features of hypernatraemia include altered mental status, seizures, fever, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, restlessness, and muscle twitching.
Hypernatraemia with a serum sodium level of more than 160 mmol/L is associated with a mortality rate of 60-75%.
Urine osmolality of 700 mOsm/kg, loss of thirst, insensible loss of water, GI loss of hypotonic fluid, and excess intake of sodium are related to hypernatraemia.
Treatment of hypernatraemia involves correcting pure water loss with oral or IV water, administering sodium for dehydration, and using diuretics and natriuresis for salt poisoning and sodium overload.
The maximal rate for correcting hypernatraemia should be 0.5 mmol/L per hour to avoid cerebral edema and death.
Sodium can be measured in serum, plasma, urine, and sweat, and hemolysis does not significantly affect serum or plasma values of sodium.
Potassium (K) disorders are important due to K's role in determining the resting membrane potential of cells, and changes in plasma K levels can cause fatal consequences such as arrhythmias.
Factors affecting plasma K concentration include intracellular K reservoir, K intake and excretion routes, and redistribution of potassium.
There is a reciprocal relationship between potassium and hydrogen ions in acidosis and alkalosis, affecting urinary loss of potassium.
Hyperkalaemia, the commonest and most serious electrolyte emergency, can cause muscle weakness, cardiac arrest, and ECG changes that mimic other conditions, warranting serum potassium checks after cardiac arrest.

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Description

Test your knowledge of hypernatraemia and hyperkalaemia with this quiz. Learn key points about the causes, clinical features, and treatment of hypernatraemia, as well as the importance of potassium disorders and the implications of hyperkalaemia. Brush up on essential information for understanding and managing these electrolyte imbalances.

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