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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a severe symptom of hypernatremia?
Which of the following is a severe symptom of hypernatremia?
- A strong feeling of thirst
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea
- Muscle twitching (correct)
What is the normal range for serum sodium levels?
What is the normal range for serum sodium levels?
- 165-175 mmol/L
- 135-145 mmol/L (correct)
- 120-130 mmol/L
- 150-160 mmol/L
Which type of hypernatremia is caused by excessive administration of intravenous normal saline or sodium bicarbonate?
Which type of hypernatremia is caused by excessive administration of intravenous normal saline or sodium bicarbonate?
- Low volume hypernatremia
- Normal volume hypernatremia
- High volume hypernatremia (correct)
- None of the above
What is the definition of hypernatremia?
What is the definition of hypernatremia?
Which condition can cause normal volume hypernatremia?
Which condition can cause normal volume hypernatremia?
Which of the following is an early symptom of hypernatremia?
Which of the following is an early symptom of hypernatremia?
What is the classification of hypernatremia based on a person's fluid status?
What is the classification of hypernatremia based on a person's fluid status?
Which condition can cause low volume hypernatremia?
Which condition can cause low volume hypernatremia?
What is the severe symptom of hypernatremia that typically occurs when levels are above 160 mmol/L?
What is the severe symptom of hypernatremia that typically occurs when levels are above 160 mmol/L?
What can cause normal volume hypernatremia?
What can cause normal volume hypernatremia?
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Study Notes
Hypernatremia
- Hypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium level > 145 mmol/L.
- Normal range for serum sodium levels is between 135-145 mmol/L.
Classification of Hypernatremia
- Hypernatremia can be classified into three types based on a person's fluid status:
- Hypovolemic hypernatremia (low volume)
- Euvolemic hypernatremia (normal volume)
- Hypervolemic hypernatremia (high volume)
Causes of Hypernatremia
- Hypovolemic hypernatremia can be caused by diarrhea, diuretics, and vomiting.
- Euvolemic hypernatremia can be caused by diabetes insipidus, and excessive administration of intravenous normal saline or sodium bicarbonate.
- Hypervolemic hypernatremia can be caused by primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome, and renal disease.
Symptoms of Hypernatremia
- Early symptoms of hypernatremia include thirst, fatigue, and muscle weakness.
- Severe symptoms of hypernatremia that typically occur when levels are above 160 mmol/L include seizures, coma, and death.
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