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Questions and Answers
What is a common consequence of hypernatraemia?
Which condition is least likely to lead to hyponatraemia?
Which symptom is associated with hypernatraemia?
What is a clinical manifestation of hyponatraemia?
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What is a potential cause of hypernatraemia?
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What is a common cause of hyperkalaemia?
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Which of the following signs is specifically associated with hyperkalaemia?
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What treatment is used to help lower potassium levels specifically in cases of acidosis?
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Hypokalaemia can result from which of the following conditions?
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Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with muscle cramps and weakness?
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Study Notes
Sodium Imbalances
- Hypernatraemia (uncommon) can lead to CNS impairment, often due to ADH insufficiency, diabetic ketoacidosis, or diabetes insipidus.
- Hyponatraemia (more frequent) associated with conditions like psychogenic polydipsia, 'salt wasting' kidney disease, aldosterone insufficiency, diuretic use, and dehydration.
- Consequences of Hypernatraemia include cellular dehydration, stimulating thirst, nausea, vomiting, fever, and confusion.
- Consequences of Hyponatraemia can result in edema, might be asymptomatic, or lead to CNS effects such as headaches, confusion, restlessness, and myoclonic jerks.
Potassium Imbalances
- Hyperkalaemia can result from acidosis (especially DKA), decreased aldosterone, K+ sparing diuretics, certain medications (ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs), vigorous exercise.
- Signs of Hyperkalaemia include characteristic ECG changes (peaked T waves, sine wave patterns), Kussmaul’s respiration, muscle weakness, lethargy, and nausea.
- Treatment options consist of calcium gluconate for cardiac protection, salbutamol, insulin with glucose, sodium bicarbonate (in acidosis), resin to remove K+ via GI tract, and dialysis as a last resort.
Hypokalaemia
- Common causes include thiazide diuretics, excessive aldosterone production (Conns syndrome), and excessive IV fluid administration.
- Signs of Hypokalaemia consist of muscle weakness, fatigue, headaches, and arrhythmias, particularly ectopic beats, which can be serious in the context of digoxin toxicity.
Electrolyte Balance
- The balance between reabsorption and secretion is crucial for waste elimination (urea, uric acid, creatinine) and for retaining important electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-).
- This regulatory process is essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body.
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Description
Test your knowledge on electrolyte imbalances, focusing on sodium (Na+). This quiz covers conditions like hypernatraemia and hyponatraemia, their causes, and effects on the central nervous system and kidney function. Gain insights into the clinical implications of sodium imbalances.
