Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a common consequence of hypernatraemia?
What is a common consequence of hypernatraemia?
Which condition is least likely to lead to hyponatraemia?
Which condition is least likely to lead to hyponatraemia?
Which symptom is associated with hypernatraemia?
Which symptom is associated with hypernatraemia?
What is a clinical manifestation of hyponatraemia?
What is a clinical manifestation of hyponatraemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential cause of hypernatraemia?
What is a potential cause of hypernatraemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common cause of hyperkalaemia?
What is a common cause of hyperkalaemia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following signs is specifically associated with hyperkalaemia?
Which of the following signs is specifically associated with hyperkalaemia?
Signup and view all the answers
What treatment is used to help lower potassium levels specifically in cases of acidosis?
What treatment is used to help lower potassium levels specifically in cases of acidosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Hypokalaemia can result from which of the following conditions?
Hypokalaemia can result from which of the following conditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with muscle cramps and weakness?
Which electrolyte imbalance is most associated with muscle cramps and weakness?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Sodium Imbalances
- Hypernatraemia (uncommon) can lead to CNS impairment, often due to ADH insufficiency, diabetic ketoacidosis, or diabetes insipidus.
- Hyponatraemia (more frequent) associated with conditions like psychogenic polydipsia, 'salt wasting' kidney disease, aldosterone insufficiency, diuretic use, and dehydration.
- Consequences of Hypernatraemia include cellular dehydration, stimulating thirst, nausea, vomiting, fever, and confusion.
- Consequences of Hyponatraemia can result in edema, might be asymptomatic, or lead to CNS effects such as headaches, confusion, restlessness, and myoclonic jerks.
Potassium Imbalances
- Hyperkalaemia can result from acidosis (especially DKA), decreased aldosterone, K+ sparing diuretics, certain medications (ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs), vigorous exercise.
- Signs of Hyperkalaemia include characteristic ECG changes (peaked T waves, sine wave patterns), Kussmaul’s respiration, muscle weakness, lethargy, and nausea.
- Treatment options consist of calcium gluconate for cardiac protection, salbutamol, insulin with glucose, sodium bicarbonate (in acidosis), resin to remove K+ via GI tract, and dialysis as a last resort.
Hypokalaemia
- Common causes include thiazide diuretics, excessive aldosterone production (Conns syndrome), and excessive IV fluid administration.
- Signs of Hypokalaemia consist of muscle weakness, fatigue, headaches, and arrhythmias, particularly ectopic beats, which can be serious in the context of digoxin toxicity.
Electrolyte Balance
- The balance between reabsorption and secretion is crucial for waste elimination (urea, uric acid, creatinine) and for retaining important electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-).
- This regulatory process is essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on electrolyte imbalances, focusing on sodium (Na+). This quiz covers conditions like hypernatraemia and hyponatraemia, their causes, and effects on the central nervous system and kidney function. Gain insights into the clinical implications of sodium imbalances.
