Elbow Examination and Common Injuries

Results in swelling and tenderness of the olecranon bursa = Olecranon bursitis Point tenderness at the lateral epicondyle or along the grooves of the olecranon process = Epicondylitis Increased pain with pronation and supination of the elbow = Epicondylitis Cushion between the skin and the olecranon process = Olecranon bursa

With the elbow fully extended at 0 degrees, bend and straighten the elbow = Flexion of 160 degrees and extension returning to 0 degrees or 180 degrees of full extension With the elbow flexed at a right angle, rotate the hand from palm side down to palm side up = Pronation of 90 degrees and supination of 90 degrees

Asymmetric shoulder contour with hollows in one shoulder = Shoulder dislocation Outward prominence of the scapula indicating nerve injury = Winged scapula

<p>Inspecting the contour of the clavicles and scapulae = Shoulder anatomy Expecting symmetry of size and contour of all shoulder structures = Shoulder anatomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Have the patient maintain flexion and extension while applying opposing force = Evaluate the strength of the elbow muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elbow joint = Humerus, radius, ulna / Collateral ligaments of radius and ulna Forearm joints = Radius, ulna / Pronation and supination Glenohumeral joint = Humerus, glenoid fossa of scapula / Acromion, coracoid processes Hand articulations = Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges / Various ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexion and extension of the elbow = One plane (flexion and extension) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot = 20 degrees dorsiflexion, 45 degrees plantar flexion Inversion and eversion of the foot = 30 degrees inversion, 20 degrees eversion Flexion and extension of the toes = Various degrees of flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olecranon bursa = Between the olecranon and the skin / Providing cushioning Collateral ligaments of the elbow = Between radius and ulna / Securing the joint Epicondyles of the humerus = Medial and lateral sides of humerus / Muscle attachment points Coracoid process = Part of scapula / Formation of glenohumeral joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swan neck deformities = Hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint and flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint Boutonnière deformity = Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint and hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elbow pronation and supination = Radial and ulnar (rotational) movement Shoulder arch formation = Acromion, coracoid processes / Protecting the joint Glenohumeral joint components = Humerus, glenoid fossa / Ligament between acromion and coracoid processes Hand articulations locations = Carpals to distal phalanges / Articulations with ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heberden nodes = Swollen joints near the fingertips associated with osteoarthritis Bouchard nodes = Swollen joints along the middle of the fingers associated with osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metacarpophalangeal joint flexion = Bending the fingers forward at the knuckle Hyperextension up to 30 degrees = Stretching the fingers up and back at the knuckle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palpating Achilles tendon = Ankle area / Assessing tendon integrity Testing strength in plantar flexion = Muscles involved in plantar flexion / Evaluating muscle function Evaluating number of toes = Foot area / Checking for abnormalities Testing range of motion in shoulder joint = Various shoulder movements / Assessing joint flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Touch thumb to each fingertip = Ability to touch thumb to each of the other fingertips Touch thumb to base of little finger = Ability to touch thumb to the base of the little finger</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spread fingers apart = Ability to spread fingers apart and then touch them together Touch fingers together = Ability to touch fingers together after spreading them apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olecranon bursitis = Inflammation of the bursa located over the olecranon process of the elbow Epicondylitis = Inflammation of the tendons that attach to the humerus at the elbow Claw toe = Hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint with flexion of the toe’s proximal and distal joints Hallux valgus = Lateral deviation of the great toe, which may cause overlapping with the second toe</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achilles tendon = Palpate this structure to assess for thickening which may indicate tendonitis related to spondyloarthritis or hyperlipidemia Metatarsophalangeal joint = Hyperextension of this joint with flexion of the toe’s proximal joint is known as hammertoe Mallet toe = A flexion deformity at this joint is known as a mallet toe Flexion deformity = This condition involves hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint with flexion of the toe’s proximal and distal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heat, redness, swelling, tenderness = Signs of an inflamed joint possibly caused by rheumatoid arthritis, gout, septic joint, fracture, or tendonitis Weight bearing not through midline of foot = Pronation of heel noted in examination Deviation of up to 130° in flexion = Range of motion seen in knee flexion and extension Overlapping with second toe = Symptom associated with hallux valgus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gouty arthritis = Inflamed metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe should raise suspicion for this condition Rheumatoid arthritis = May cause inflammation leading to signs like heat, redness, swelling, and tenderness in joints Spondyloarthritis = Thickened Achilles tendon may indicate tendonitis related to this condition Tendonitis from xanthelasma = Could lead to Achilles tendon thickening due to hyperlipidemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal interphalangeal joint = Deformity known as mallet toe can occur at this joint Great toe's metatarsophalangeal joint = Claw toe involves hyperextension at this joint Toe's proximal joint = Hammertoe involves hyperextension at this joint along with flexion at another proximal joint Achilles tendon insertion point =</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexion = 90 degrees Hyperextension = 70 degrees Radial motion = 20 degrees Ulnar motion = 55 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tightly grip two fingers = Evaluate finger strength Finger extension, abduction, adduction, and thumb opposition = Evaluate hand strength Offer two fingers side by side in handshake position = Prevent painful compression during evaluation Turn each hand to right and left with palm down = Assess radial and ulnar motion of the wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcutaneous nodules along ulnar surface = May indicate rheumatoid nodule or gouty tophi Deviation in carrying angle with extended arm, palm forward = Variations in carrying angle like cubitus valgus or varus Contour of elbows in flexed position = Inspect for any abnormalities Palpate extensor surface of ulna and epicondyles of humerus = Assess bony landmarks for abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cubitus valgus = Lateral carrying angle exceeding 15 degrees Cubitus varus = Medial carrying angle deviation Olecranon bursitis = Inflammation of the bursa at the tip of the elbow Epicondylitis = Inflammation of the tendons at the elbow epicondyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintain wrist flexion and hyperextension while applying opposing force = Evaluate wrist muscle strength Flex the elbow 70 degrees and palpate specific bony landmarks = Assess bony structures for abnormalities Inspect contour of elbows in both flexed and extended positions = Check for any deformities or swellings Passively extend arm to note deviations in carrying angle = Assess variations in humerus-radius alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swelling at the distal interphalangeal joints = Heberden nodes Swelling at the proximal interphalangeal joints = Bouchard nodes Inflammation of the bursa located at the tip of the elbow = Olecranon bursitis Mass that forms in response to rheumatoid arthritis = Rheumatoid nodule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Image showing fingers spreading apart = Finger abduction Image demonstrating bending of the wrist towards and away from the body = Wrist radial and ulnar movement Image displaying bending of the fingers towards the palm = Finger flexion: thumb to each fingertip and to the base of the little finger Image illustrating bending and straightening of fingers with hyperextension = Metacarpophalangeal flexion and hyperextension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condition characterized by Heberden and Bouchard nodes = Degenerative joint disease Abnormality showing spindle-shaped enlargement of joints = Unexpected findings of the fingers Abnormality where digits seem to collapse into each other due to joint flexibility = Telescoping digits with hypermobile joints Illustration of elbow involvement with bursitis and nodules due to arthritis = Rheumatoid arthritis involving the elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wrist movement bending downwards = Flexion of wrist Movement extending fingers outwards = Extension of fingers Wrist movement bending backwards = Hyperextension of wrist Side-to-side movement of wrist towards thumb side = Radial movement of wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palpation for tenderness around elbow area = Palpation of olecranon process grooves Examination covering metacarpophalangeal flexion and hyperextension = Range of motion of hand and wrist Area where examination includes checking for swelling and thickening in wrist region = Radiocarpal groove and wrist Joints examined for fusiform swelling or spindle-shaped enlargement = Proximal interphalangeal joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lumbar Stenosis = Canal narrowing from bone and ligament hypertrophy Osteomyelitis = Infection in the bone Gout = Monosodium urate crystal deposition in joints and tissues Paget Disease of the Bone = Excessive bone resorption and formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gout = Sudden onset of a hot, swollen joint Osteoarthritis = Deterioration of articular cartilage in synovial joints Olecranon Bursitis = Inflammation of the bursa with limitation of motion Rheumatoid Arthritis = Joint pain and stiffness, especially in the morning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carpal Tunnel Syndrome = Numbness, burning, and tingling in hands at night Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome = Unilateral facial pain worsening with joint movement Bursitis = Common sites include shoulder, elbow, hip with pain and stiffness Paget Disease of the Bone = Vertigo and headache due to skull involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteomyelitis = Dull pain developing insidiously and limping in children Bursitis = Pain worse during activity with swelling and warmth at site Gout = Primarily affects men older than 40 years with sudden joint onset Rheumatoid Arthritis = Synovitis, soft tissue swelling, and effusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olecranon Bursitis = Limitation of motion, pain on movement, point tenderness Paget Disease of the Bone = Bowed tibias, misshapen pelvis, prominent skull forehead Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome = Muscle spasm and clicking in affected joint Lumbar Stenosis = Lower extremity weakness and sensory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gout = Uric acid crystals forming as tophi under skin Carpal Tunnel Syndrome = Reproduction of symptoms with Tinel and Phalen maneuvers Osteoarthritis = Enlarged joints due to bone growths (osteophytes) Rheumatoid Arthritis = Characteristic nodules and deformities development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carpal Tunnel Syndrome = Microtrauma causing numbness, burning, tingling in hands Olecranon Bursitis = Repetitive movement causing inflammation at shoulder, elbow, hip Paget Disease of the Bone = Excessive bone resorption leading to mosaic pattern of lamellar bone Lumbar Stenosis = Pain relief occurring with sitting or bending forward</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gout = Sudden onset of a hot swollen joint; exquisite pain; limited range of motion. Osteomyelitis = Signs of infection include edema; erythema; warmth; tenderness to palpation. Bursitis = Limitation of motion caused by swelling; pain on movement; point tenderness. Rheumatoid Arthritis = Involved joints include hands; wrists; feet; ankles; hips; knees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lumbar Stenosis = Pain radiates down legs. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome = Numbness; burning; tingling in hands often at night. Rheumatoid Arthritis = Joint pain and stiffness after periods of inactivity. Paget Disease of the Bone = Progressive deafness from involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteomyelitis = Signs of infection include edema; erythema; warmth. Bursitis = Point tenderness and erythematous warm site. Gout = Shiny red or purple skin over swollen joint. Paget Disease of the Bone = Frequent fractures may occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers