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Questions and Answers
What can be inferred from the fact that the coefficients for absorption and stimulated emission are numerically equal?
What can be inferred from the fact that the coefficients for absorption and stimulated emission are numerically equal?
- The probability of spontaneous emission is greater than that of stimulated emission.
- Spontaneous emission occurs more frequently than stimulated emission.
- The probability of an upward transition is equal to that of a downward transition. (correct)
- The frequency of radiation has no effect on the emission coefficients.
What is the relation between the ratio of coefficients of spontaneous versus stimulated emission and the frequency of radiation?
What is the relation between the ratio of coefficients of spontaneous versus stimulated emission and the frequency of radiation?
- It is inversely proportional to the frequency.
- It is unrelated to the frequency.
- It is proportional to the square of the frequency.
- It is proportional to the third power of the frequency. (correct)
What is required for light amplification to occur?
What is required for light amplification to occur?
- Stimulated emission should occur almost exclusively. (correct)
- The radiating atoms should be in their lower state.
- The Einstein coefficient should be zero.
- Spontaneous emission should occur exclusively.
What can be said about the lifetime of the upper state in relation to light amplification?
What can be said about the lifetime of the upper state in relation to light amplification?
What type of light is produced when radiating atoms are incoherent?
What type of light is produced when radiating atoms are incoherent?
What is the name given to equations (24.14) and (24.15) that relate the Einstein coefficients?
What is the name given to equations (24.14) and (24.15) that relate the Einstein coefficients?
Which Einstein coefficient represents spontaneous emission?
Which Einstein coefficient represents spontaneous emission?
In what condition are B12 and B21 equal?
In what condition are B12 and B21 equal?
Which Einstein coefficient is related to the transition from the higher energy level E2 to the lower energy level E1?
Which Einstein coefficient is related to the transition from the higher energy level E2 to the lower energy level E1?
What happens when spontaneous emission occurs from an atom?
What happens when spontaneous emission occurs from an atom?
When does the spontaneous transition coefficient A21 become non-zero?
When does the spontaneous transition coefficient A21 become non-zero?
What is the relationship between spontaneous emission and the lifetime of the excited state?
What is the relationship between spontaneous emission and the lifetime of the excited state?
What is the probability that a spontaneous transition occurs given by?
What is the probability that a spontaneous transition occurs given by?
What does the radiative rate, A,, measure?
What does the radiative rate, A,, measure?
What is the constant of proportionality known as the Einstein coefficient for stimulated emission?
What is the constant of proportionality known as the Einstein coefficient for stimulated emission?
What is the lifetime of the upper state against spontaneous decay to the lower state related to?
What is the lifetime of the upper state against spontaneous decay to the lower state related to?
What is the probability that an absorption transition occurs given by?
What is the probability that an absorption transition occurs given by?
What is the likelihood of a radiant atom at the excited state spontaneously jumping to a lower level?
What is the likelihood of a radiant atom at the excited state spontaneously jumping to a lower level?
Study Notes
Planck's Law and Einstein Relations
- Planck's law is defined as p(v) = 1 / (u(v)/c), where u is the refractive index of the medium and c is the velocity of light in free space.
- The energy density p(v) is given by cqu (24.12), which is consistent with Planck's law (24.13) only if &rhv'u A1 and B2 = | or B2B1 (Einstein relations).
- The Einstein relations (24.14) and (24.15) show that the coefficients for absorption and stimulated emission are numerically equal.
Einstein Coefficients
- There are three Einstein coefficients: A, B, and B.
- A1 is the coefficient for spontaneous emission, which is a constant characteristic of the atom and represents the properties of the energy states E, and E.
- B1 is the coefficient for induced absorption, which is a constant characteristic of the atom and represents the properties of the energy states E, and E.
- B2 is the coefficient for stimulated emission, which is equal to B1 under the special condition that the quantum states E, and E, are single energy levels (non-degenerate levels).
Relations between Einstein Coefficients
- The Einstein coefficients A, B, and B, are interconnected.
- The relation between the coefficients is derived assuming that the atoms and the radiation are in thermal equilibrium and the radiation is identical with black body radiation.
- The coefficients are related through B2 = | or B2B1, and A,1 = 0, since spontaneous transition cannot take place from lower energy state E, to higher energy state E.
Light Amplification
- Light amplification requires that stimulated emission occur almost exclusively.
- The probability of an upward (absorption) transition is equal to the probability of a downward (stimulated) transition.
- The ratio of coefficients of spontaneous versus stimulated emission is proportional to the third power of the frequency of the radiation, making it difficult to achieve laser action in higher frequency ranges such as X-rays.
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Description
Learn about the Einstein coefficients that are related to induced transitions in atoms, such as transitions induced by external photons. Explore how B,, represents transitions from lower to higher energy levels, and B,, denotes transitions from higher to lower energy levels.
