90 Questions
What happens when alertness is too low?
Difficulty engaging attention and lethargic responsivity
What characterizes an organism with high alertness?
Difficulty keeping attention focused and hyperactive responsivity
What does orienting enable in terms of attention?
Brief shifts in attention for directing attention to items of interest
What is the role of executive attention?
Sustaining attention despite potential distractions
What term is used to describe the concept of attention as a resource-limited 'spotlight'?
'Concentration'
When does shifting attention occur?
When orienting response causes disengagement from the previous focus
What typically happens to the music volume when the weather gets bad while driving?
It gets turned down
What concept explains the reduction of music volume while driving in bad weather?
Resource limited nature of attention
In 'dual task' situations, performance is generally explained by what factor?
Total demands exceeding capacity
What does the term 'Cognitive Control' refer to in the text?
Self-regulatory cognitive operations
How does the text describe the relationship between attentional needs and spotlight size?
As attentional needs increase, spotlight size decreases
What is the main reason behind recommendations to avoid distracted driving according to the text?
To prevent accidents
What is the main concern when changing the cognitive assessment tool according to the text?
The potential impact on performance
How might changes in performance on a cognitive task be explained?
Changes in aspects of cognition other than the one of interest
What could potentially confound our understanding of changes in performance on a task?
Engaging multiple aspects of cognition
Why is it challenging to explain changes in performance on a cognitive task?
Multiple aspects of cognition may be involved
How can impaired performance on a cognitive task be sustained despite cognitive deficits?
By employing different cognitive strategies
What potential challenge arises if a task engages multiple aspects of cognition?
Confounding understanding of performance changes
How did schools and the military use the concept of intelligence in the past?
To justify the exclusion of individuals with lower cognitive abilities
Which cognitive abilities are associated with general intelligence according to the text?
Using language, following instructions, and remembering items
How were intelligence tests designed to assess crystallized intelligence?
By assessing vocabulary knowledge
What did substantial research over the next century lead to regarding the concept of intelligence?
Intelligence is a combination of cognitive abilities
How do tests of fluid intelligence differ from tests of crystallized intelligence?
Fluid intelligence tests assess problem-solving through reasoning, while crystallized tests evaluate acquired knowledge.
How did schools and the military use the concept of intelligence historically?
To limit participation based on acquired knowledge
What contributes to the difficulty in understanding the link between the brain and mind?
Robustness, the ability to maintain function despite perturbations
Which term refers to the ability to maintain function despite disturbances and uncertainty?
Robustness
What allows for the brain to continue functioning even if there is damage to some structures?
Redundancy and having multiple modules performing essential processes
Why can cognitive processes have different biological bases?
Due to the robustness of cognitive functions
What is one benefit of the brain's modular organization?
Even if some structures are damaged, others may be sufficient for function
How does redundancy contribute to maintaining brain function?
By allowing multiple modules or elements to perform essential processes
What is the cognitive impairment characteristic specific to Alzheimer's Disease?
Language and memory impairments
What accounts for around 40% of cases of dementia, according to the text?
Alzheimer's Disease
Which proteins are known to accumulate abnormally in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease?
Beta–amyloid (plaques) and tau proteins (tangles)
How is Alzheimer's Disease viewed by some, according to the text?
As the underlying cause of 80% of dementia cases
What is the relationship between Alzheimer's Disease and dementia according to the text?
Alzheimer's Disease is a subtype of dementia
What contributes to considerable variability in how Alzheimer's Disease is viewed?
Cultural awareness and perspectives on the disease
What characterizes an organism with low alertness?
Exhibits lethargic responsivity to environmental cues
What type of responsivity is associated with organisms having high alertness?
Hyperactive and hypersensitive
What is the main function of orienting in terms of attentional shifts?
Enabling brief shifts in attention to items of interest
What does executive attention primarily work to achieve?
Sustained attentional engagement despite potential distractions
Which aspect of attention is often popularly known as 'concentration'?
Executive attention
What is the biological analogy used to describe the concept of attention?
'Resource-limited spotlight'
Why is having very few questions on an exam a concern when assessing cognition?
It makes errors on a single question have less impact.
What is a primary issue related to utilizing broad-based cognitive batteries for cognitive assessments?
Psychometric stability
Why do neuropsychological assessment batteries pose a challenge in assessing cognition?
They combine performance across multiple cognitive abilities.
How does having a greater number of trials on a given test impact the stability of an assessment?
It increases the stability of the assessment.
Why do tests of academic achievement face similar challenges as intelligence tests?
As they attempt to navigate issues related to psychometric stability.
What does combining performance across various cognitive abilities aim to achieve in assessments?
To create a singular usable metric for cognition.
What does the attention inhibition theory of cognitive aging attribute age-related declines in cognition to?
Reductions in sustaining attention on task relevant details
How do older adults exhibit performance similar to younger adults when environmental supports are provided?
By minimizing concurrent cognitive processes needed
What approach do cognitive systems adopt to make up for deficiencies in resources?
Skipping processing steps
What contributes to reductions in available resources and delays in processing and evaluation according to the text?
Taking in unnecessary information
What role does environmental support play in older adults' performance compared to younger adults?
Environmental support minimizes the number of concurrent cognitive processes for older adults
How do compensatory cognitive operations help cognitive systems with deficiencies in resources?
They bring online additional cognitive processes
What characterizes the concept of attention according to the text?
Selecting out only relevant information from sensory inputs
Which term describes the basic attentional state that an organism exists within?
Alerting
What is the purpose of the digit symbol substitution test mentioned in the text?
To assess information processing speed
In what way does attention help individuals process information effectively?
By selecting and focusing only on important information
What does the concept of alertness or arousal refer to in the context of attention?
The level of preparedness to perceive and respond to situations
How is the control of attention typically characterized in the text?
Into subdomains associated with its implementation
What is the primary function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) from a neural perspective?
Actively maintaining task-relevant goals
Which portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) integrates goal/strategy related information to bias decisional processes?
Frontal (rostral)
What brain region is consistently activated in response to cognitively challenging tasks or events?
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
Which brain region uses action-schema information and environmental stimuli to make a decision to act or not act?
Basal ganglia (BG)
What does the implementation of cognitive control involve according to the text?
A cascade of regions in the DLPFC
In what order are regions in the DLPFC activated when exposed to a particular situation?
Caudal (back), then rostral (front), then basal ganglia (BG)
What was the general popularity of the concept of intelligence based on?
Solving educational and military placement issues
How was intelligence (IQ) expressed in early forms of intelligence tests?
As a ratio between mental abilities and current age
What would an IQ of 70 indicate?
Mental abilities are at 70% of expected level for current age
What were the earliest forms of intelligence tests primarily focused on assessing?
Language use, instructions following, and memory
What does an IQ of 130 indicate?
Mental abilities are at 130% of expected level for current age
Why did the concept of intelligence become prominent in the early 1900s?
In response to educational reform and military needs
Which aspect of Alzheimer's Disease is specifically characterized by the abnormal accumulation of beta–amyloid and tau proteins on the brain?
Memory loss
What percentage of dementia cases are attributed to Alzheimer's Disease according to some definitions that include overlaps in symptoms?
80%
What does the text suggest as the nature of cognitive impairment depending on in dementia cases?
Location of reduced blood flow
Which mechanism is primarily attributed to age-related decline in cognitive function according to the additional resources?
Abnormal protein accumulation
How is Alzheimer's Disease viewed in terms of attributing it to cases of dementia?
Primary cause in all dementia cases
Which cognitive processes are specifically linked to Alzheimer's Disease according to the text?
Memory and language
What is the function of executive attention in terms of sustained attentional engagement?
Maintains attention despite potential distractions
When alertness is too low, what type of responsivity does the organism exhibit to environmental cues?
Lethargic
What happens during the orienting response in terms of attention?
Attention disengages from stimuli
Which term describes the response exhibited by an organism with high alertness to environmental cues?
Hyperactive
What characterizes the concept of attention as a 'resource-limited spotlight'?
'Spotlight' attention has limited capacity
In what situations is having moderate levels of alertness more useful than extremes?
When perceiving threat is advantageous
What is a key characteristic of both healthy and normal aging according to the text?
Gradual reduction in cognitive abilities
Which term describes age-related changes in cognition where one or more aspect of cognition is significantly impaired but does not interfere with daily activities?
Mild Cognitive Impairment
What does popular culture often cluster alongside typical reductions in cognition associated with aging?
Dementia
In what context would cognitive abilities begin to diminish according to the dynamic capacity perspective?
When individuals stop being cognitively challenged
What is the classification that represents the initial stage at which declines in cognition reach clinically significant levels?
Mild Cognitive Impairment
What can sustain cognitive control and memory according to the evidence presented in the text?
Continuing graduate and post-graduate studies
Learn about the impact of low and high alertness levels on an organism's ability to engage attention and respond to environmental cues. Understand how moderate levels of alertness are beneficial for overall functioning.
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