KIN 240 Handout 11 (Cognition)

What happens when alertness is too low?

What characterizes an organism with high alertness?

What does orienting enable in terms of attention?

What is the role of executive attention?

What term is used to describe the concept of attention as a resource-limited 'spotlight'?

When does shifting attention occur?

What typically happens to the music volume when the weather gets bad while driving?

What concept explains the reduction of music volume while driving in bad weather?

In 'dual task' situations, performance is generally explained by what factor?

What does the term 'Cognitive Control' refer to in the text?

How does the text describe the relationship between attentional needs and spotlight size?

What is the main reason behind recommendations to avoid distracted driving according to the text?

What is the main concern when changing the cognitive assessment tool according to the text?

How might changes in performance on a cognitive task be explained?

What could potentially confound our understanding of changes in performance on a task?

Why is it challenging to explain changes in performance on a cognitive task?

How can impaired performance on a cognitive task be sustained despite cognitive deficits?

What potential challenge arises if a task engages multiple aspects of cognition?

How did schools and the military use the concept of intelligence in the past?

Which cognitive abilities are associated with general intelligence according to the text?

How were intelligence tests designed to assess crystallized intelligence?

What did substantial research over the next century lead to regarding the concept of intelligence?

How do tests of fluid intelligence differ from tests of crystallized intelligence?

How did schools and the military use the concept of intelligence historically?

What contributes to the difficulty in understanding the link between the brain and mind?

Which term refers to the ability to maintain function despite disturbances and uncertainty?

What allows for the brain to continue functioning even if there is damage to some structures?

Why can cognitive processes have different biological bases?

What is one benefit of the brain's modular organization?

How does redundancy contribute to maintaining brain function?

What is the cognitive impairment characteristic specific to Alzheimer's Disease?

What accounts for around 40% of cases of dementia, according to the text?

Which proteins are known to accumulate abnormally in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease?

How is Alzheimer's Disease viewed by some, according to the text?

What is the relationship between Alzheimer's Disease and dementia according to the text?

What contributes to considerable variability in how Alzheimer's Disease is viewed?

What characterizes an organism with low alertness?

What type of responsivity is associated with organisms having high alertness?

What is the main function of orienting in terms of attentional shifts?

What does executive attention primarily work to achieve?

Which aspect of attention is often popularly known as 'concentration'?

What is the biological analogy used to describe the concept of attention?

Why is having very few questions on an exam a concern when assessing cognition?

What is a primary issue related to utilizing broad-based cognitive batteries for cognitive assessments?

Why do neuropsychological assessment batteries pose a challenge in assessing cognition?

How does having a greater number of trials on a given test impact the stability of an assessment?

Why do tests of academic achievement face similar challenges as intelligence tests?

What does combining performance across various cognitive abilities aim to achieve in assessments?

What does the attention inhibition theory of cognitive aging attribute age-related declines in cognition to?

How do older adults exhibit performance similar to younger adults when environmental supports are provided?

What approach do cognitive systems adopt to make up for deficiencies in resources?

What contributes to reductions in available resources and delays in processing and evaluation according to the text?

What role does environmental support play in older adults' performance compared to younger adults?

How do compensatory cognitive operations help cognitive systems with deficiencies in resources?

What characterizes the concept of attention according to the text?

Which term describes the basic attentional state that an organism exists within?

What is the purpose of the digit symbol substitution test mentioned in the text?

In what way does attention help individuals process information effectively?

What does the concept of alertness or arousal refer to in the context of attention?

How is the control of attention typically characterized in the text?

What is the primary function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) from a neural perspective?

Which portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) integrates goal/strategy related information to bias decisional processes?

What brain region is consistently activated in response to cognitively challenging tasks or events?

Which brain region uses action-schema information and environmental stimuli to make a decision to act or not act?

What does the implementation of cognitive control involve according to the text?

In what order are regions in the DLPFC activated when exposed to a particular situation?

What was the general popularity of the concept of intelligence based on?

How was intelligence (IQ) expressed in early forms of intelligence tests?

What would an IQ of 70 indicate?

What were the earliest forms of intelligence tests primarily focused on assessing?

What does an IQ of 130 indicate?

Why did the concept of intelligence become prominent in the early 1900s?

Which aspect of Alzheimer's Disease is specifically characterized by the abnormal accumulation of beta–amyloid and tau proteins on the brain?

What percentage of dementia cases are attributed to Alzheimer's Disease according to some definitions that include overlaps in symptoms?

What does the text suggest as the nature of cognitive impairment depending on in dementia cases?

Which mechanism is primarily attributed to age-related decline in cognitive function according to the additional resources?

How is Alzheimer's Disease viewed in terms of attributing it to cases of dementia?

Which cognitive processes are specifically linked to Alzheimer's Disease according to the text?

What is the function of executive attention in terms of sustained attentional engagement?

When alertness is too low, what type of responsivity does the organism exhibit to environmental cues?

What happens during the orienting response in terms of attention?

Which term describes the response exhibited by an organism with high alertness to environmental cues?

What characterizes the concept of attention as a 'resource-limited spotlight'?

In what situations is having moderate levels of alertness more useful than extremes?

What is a key characteristic of both healthy and normal aging according to the text?

Which term describes age-related changes in cognition where one or more aspect of cognition is significantly impaired but does not interfere with daily activities?

What does popular culture often cluster alongside typical reductions in cognition associated with aging?

In what context would cognitive abilities begin to diminish according to the dynamic capacity perspective?

What is the classification that represents the initial stage at which declines in cognition reach clinically significant levels?

What can sustain cognitive control and memory according to the evidence presented in the text?