KIN 240 Handout 11 (Cognition)
90 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What happens when alertness is too low?

  • Difficulty keeping attention focused and hyperactive responsivity
  • Increased focus and quick reaction to environmental cues
  • Enhanced engagement of attention and fast responsivity
  • Difficulty engaging attention and lethargic responsivity (correct)

    • What characterizes an organism with high alertness?

  • Enhanced engagement of attention and fast responsivity
  • Increased focus and quick reaction to environmental cues
  • Difficulty engaging attention and lethargic responsivity
  • Difficulty keeping attention focused and hyperactive responsivity (correct)

    • What does orienting enable in terms of attention?

  • Decrease in overall attentiveness
  • Long-lasting focus on a single stimulus
  • Brief shifts in attention for directing attention to items of interest (correct)
  • Complete disengagement from the environment

    • What is the role of executive attention?

    <p>Sustaining attention despite potential distractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the concept of attention as a resource-limited 'spotlight'?

    <p>'Concentration'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does shifting attention occur?

    <p>When orienting response causes disengagement from the previous focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to the music volume when the weather gets bad while driving?

    <p>It gets turned down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains the reduction of music volume while driving in bad weather?

    <p>Resource limited nature of attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 'dual task' situations, performance is generally explained by what factor?

    <p>Total demands exceeding capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Cognitive Control' refer to in the text?

    <p>Self-regulatory cognitive operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text describe the relationship between attentional needs and spotlight size?

    <p>As attentional needs increase, spotlight size decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason behind recommendations to avoid distracted driving according to the text?

    <p>To prevent accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern when changing the cognitive assessment tool according to the text?

    <p>The potential impact on performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might changes in performance on a cognitive task be explained?

    <p>Changes in aspects of cognition other than the one of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could potentially confound our understanding of changes in performance on a task?

    <p>Engaging multiple aspects of cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to explain changes in performance on a cognitive task?

    <p>Multiple aspects of cognition may be involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can impaired performance on a cognitive task be sustained despite cognitive deficits?

    <p>By employing different cognitive strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential challenge arises if a task engages multiple aspects of cognition?

    <p>Confounding understanding of performance changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did schools and the military use the concept of intelligence in the past?

    <p>To justify the exclusion of individuals with lower cognitive abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive abilities are associated with general intelligence according to the text?

    <p>Using language, following instructions, and remembering items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were intelligence tests designed to assess crystallized intelligence?

    <p>By assessing vocabulary knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did substantial research over the next century lead to regarding the concept of intelligence?

    <p>Intelligence is a combination of cognitive abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tests of fluid intelligence differ from tests of crystallized intelligence?

    <p>Fluid intelligence tests assess problem-solving through reasoning, while crystallized tests evaluate acquired knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did schools and the military use the concept of intelligence historically?

    <p>To limit participation based on acquired knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the difficulty in understanding the link between the brain and mind?

    <p>Robustness, the ability to maintain function despite perturbations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the ability to maintain function despite disturbances and uncertainty?

    <p>Robustness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows for the brain to continue functioning even if there is damage to some structures?

    <p>Redundancy and having multiple modules performing essential processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can cognitive processes have different biological bases?

    <p>Due to the robustness of cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of the brain's modular organization?

    <p>Even if some structures are damaged, others may be sufficient for function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does redundancy contribute to maintaining brain function?

    <p>By allowing multiple modules or elements to perform essential processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cognitive impairment characteristic specific to Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Language and memory impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accounts for around 40% of cases of dementia, according to the text?

    <p>Alzheimer's Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteins are known to accumulate abnormally in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Beta–amyloid (plaques) and tau proteins (tangles)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Alzheimer's Disease viewed by some, according to the text?

    <p>As the underlying cause of 80% of dementia cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Alzheimer's Disease and dementia according to the text?

    <p>Alzheimer's Disease is a subtype of dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to considerable variability in how Alzheimer's Disease is viewed?

    <p>Cultural awareness and perspectives on the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an organism with low alertness?

    <p>Exhibits lethargic responsivity to environmental cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of responsivity is associated with organisms having high alertness?

    <p>Hyperactive and hypersensitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of orienting in terms of attentional shifts?

    <p>Enabling brief shifts in attention to items of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does executive attention primarily work to achieve?

    <p>Sustained attentional engagement despite potential distractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of attention is often popularly known as 'concentration'?

    <p>Executive attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological analogy used to describe the concept of attention?

    <p>'Resource-limited spotlight'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is having very few questions on an exam a concern when assessing cognition?

    <p>It makes errors on a single question have less impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary issue related to utilizing broad-based cognitive batteries for cognitive assessments?

    <p>Psychometric stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do neuropsychological assessment batteries pose a challenge in assessing cognition?

    <p>They combine performance across multiple cognitive abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does having a greater number of trials on a given test impact the stability of an assessment?

    <p>It increases the stability of the assessment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do tests of academic achievement face similar challenges as intelligence tests?

    <p>As they attempt to navigate issues related to psychometric stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does combining performance across various cognitive abilities aim to achieve in assessments?

    <p>To create a singular usable metric for cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the attention inhibition theory of cognitive aging attribute age-related declines in cognition to?

    <p>Reductions in sustaining attention on task relevant details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do older adults exhibit performance similar to younger adults when environmental supports are provided?

    <p>By minimizing concurrent cognitive processes needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach do cognitive systems adopt to make up for deficiencies in resources?

    <p>Skipping processing steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to reductions in available resources and delays in processing and evaluation according to the text?

    <p>Taking in unnecessary information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does environmental support play in older adults' performance compared to younger adults?

    <p>Environmental support minimizes the number of concurrent cognitive processes for older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do compensatory cognitive operations help cognitive systems with deficiencies in resources?

    <p>They bring online additional cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the concept of attention according to the text?

    <p>Selecting out only relevant information from sensory inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the basic attentional state that an organism exists within?

    <p>Alerting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the digit symbol substitution test mentioned in the text?

    <p>To assess information processing speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does attention help individuals process information effectively?

    <p>By selecting and focusing only on important information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of alertness or arousal refer to in the context of attention?

    <p>The level of preparedness to perceive and respond to situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the control of attention typically characterized in the text?

    <p>Into subdomains associated with its implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) from a neural perspective?

    <p>Actively maintaining task-relevant goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) integrates goal/strategy related information to bias decisional processes?

    <p>Frontal (rostral)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region is consistently activated in response to cognitively challenging tasks or events?

    <p>Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region uses action-schema information and environmental stimuli to make a decision to act or not act?

    <p>Basal ganglia (BG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the implementation of cognitive control involve according to the text?

    <p>A cascade of regions in the DLPFC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what order are regions in the DLPFC activated when exposed to a particular situation?

    <p>Caudal (back), then rostral (front), then basal ganglia (BG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general popularity of the concept of intelligence based on?

    <p>Solving educational and military placement issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was intelligence (IQ) expressed in early forms of intelligence tests?

    <p>As a ratio between mental abilities and current age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would an IQ of 70 indicate?

    <p>Mental abilities are at 70% of expected level for current age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the earliest forms of intelligence tests primarily focused on assessing?

    <p>Language use, instructions following, and memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an IQ of 130 indicate?

    <p>Mental abilities are at 130% of expected level for current age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the concept of intelligence become prominent in the early 1900s?

    <p>In response to educational reform and military needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Alzheimer's Disease is specifically characterized by the abnormal accumulation of beta–amyloid and tau proteins on the brain?

    <p>Memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of dementia cases are attributed to Alzheimer's Disease according to some definitions that include overlaps in symptoms?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest as the nature of cognitive impairment depending on in dementia cases?

    <p>Location of reduced blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is primarily attributed to age-related decline in cognitive function according to the additional resources?

    <p>Abnormal protein accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Alzheimer's Disease viewed in terms of attributing it to cases of dementia?

    <p>Primary cause in all dementia cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive processes are specifically linked to Alzheimer's Disease according to the text?

    <p>Memory and language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of executive attention in terms of sustained attentional engagement?

    <p>Maintains attention despite potential distractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When alertness is too low, what type of responsivity does the organism exhibit to environmental cues?

    <p>Lethargic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the orienting response in terms of attention?

    <p>Attention disengages from stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the response exhibited by an organism with high alertness to environmental cues?

    <p>Hyperactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the concept of attention as a 'resource-limited spotlight'?

    <p>'Spotlight' attention has limited capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations is having moderate levels of alertness more useful than extremes?

    <p>When perceiving threat is advantageous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of both healthy and normal aging according to the text?

    <p>Gradual reduction in cognitive abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes age-related changes in cognition where one or more aspect of cognition is significantly impaired but does not interfere with daily activities?

    <p>Mild Cognitive Impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does popular culture often cluster alongside typical reductions in cognition associated with aging?

    <p>Dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context would cognitive abilities begin to diminish according to the dynamic capacity perspective?

    <p>When individuals stop being cognitively challenged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification that represents the initial stage at which declines in cognition reach clinically significant levels?

    <p>Mild Cognitive Impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can sustain cognitive control and memory according to the evidence presented in the text?

    <p>Continuing graduate and post-graduate studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser