Educational Psychology: Understanding Personal Values
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Questions and Answers

What are the two types of performance goals discussed in the content?

  • Mastery and Performance
  • Internal and External
  • Intrinsic and Extrinsic (correct)
  • Approach and Avoidance

    • What is one benefit of combining performance goals with mastery goals?

  • Improved social skills and cooperation
  • Enhanced creativity and innovation
  • Reduced anxiety and stress
  • Increased motivation and engagement (correct)

    • According to Harackiewicz, what kind of performance goal can lead to positive outcomes like increased motivation and engagement?

  • Mastery-approach goals
  • Performance-approach goals (correct)
  • Performance-avoidance goals
  • Mastery-avoidance goals

    • What is the central message of the paper regarding motivating students?

    <p>A multidimensional approach that incorporates various motivational factors is most beneficial. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic performance goals?

    <p>Intrinsic goals are driven by personal desires, while extrinsic goals are driven by external factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a motivational factor discussed in the paper?

    <p>Cognitive load (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the authors, what is the problem with a dichotomous view of motivation?

    <p>It oversimplifies the complexity of human motivation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of goal is NOT mentioned as potentially fostering engagement and high performance in the content?

    <p>Performance-avoidance goals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of personal values in an individual's life?

    <p>They serve as guiding principles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines cultural values?

    <p>Goals encouraged by members of a social collective. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which value reflects the importance of protecting the weak and vulnerable in society?

    <p>Universalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the value of humility emphasize in an individual's mindset?

    <p>Avoiding the belief of deserving more than others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following values relates to prioritizing personal health and avoiding disease?

    <p>Security (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option describes a value that focuses on tolerance toward various groups?

    <p>Universalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic best describes self-direction in values?

    <p>Emphasizing independence of opinions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which value reflects a desire to have a good time?

    <p>Hedonism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of intent participation in learning?

    <p>Engagement driven by task relevance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an assembly-line instruction model, which role do less-experienced learners typically fulfill?

    <p>Passive recipients of information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do children benefit from social integration in their learning process?

    <p>Through gradual assignment of adult tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the role of instructors in intent participation compared to assembly-line instruction?

    <p>Instructors facilitate rather than control learning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does stimulus enhancement refer to in the context of child learning?

    <p>Heightened interest through adult interaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the feedback mechanism in intent participation?

    <p>Feedback arises from the activity and community context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'switchboard participant structure' imply about teacher roles?

    <p>Teachers control and direct who speaks and when. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expectation of more-experienced roles in assembly-line instruction?

    <p>Directing the learning process actively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the failure rate associated with traditional lecturing in the study?

    <p>33.8% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which teaching method saw a 55% increase in failure rates compared to active learning?

    <p>Traditional lecturing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive bias can mislead students' judgments of learning?

    <p>Fluency illusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effective learning technique is characterized by a mix of topics during study sessions?

    <p>Interleaving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of failure rates was reported under active learning?

    <p>21.8% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is self-regulated learning important according to cognitive psychology?

    <p>It enables tracking of progress and strategy adjustment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of studies did Freeman et al. analyze to demonstrate the effectiveness of active learning?

    <p>Meta-analyses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical factor primarily influenced the adoption of the 'assembly-line' instruction model in education?

    <p>The shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a characteristic of the 'assembly-line' instruction model?

    <p>Structured and segmented instruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What teaching strategy was described as feeling effortful but enhancing long-term retention?

    <p>Self-testing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did IQ testing play in the context of 'assembly-line' instruction?

    <p>Sorting and categorizing students' abilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that contributes to 'intent participation' in learning?

    <p>Observational learning and social engagement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does attention and intention affect observational learning in intent participation?

    <p>They enhance the learner's focus and engagement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for intent participation according to the content?

    <p>High-stakes testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cultural practice is strongly associated with early language acquisition in children?

    <p>Intent participation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a misconception that could arise from the understanding of the assembly-line instruction model?

    <p>It supports individualized learning plans. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Skinner identify as the primary factor affecting the efficiency of teaching?

    <p>The quality of educational programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of Skinner's proposed changes to the education system?

    <p>Emphasize individual learning at the same pace (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Skinner criticize about dominant psychological theories in education?

    <p>They focus on abstract concepts instead of observable behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Skinner, what is a major misconception about successful education?

    <p>It depends on having 'good teachers' and 'good students' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reinforcement does Skinner advocate for in his educational model?

    <p>Constant positive reinforcement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Skinner believe schools are inefficient?

    <p>They neglect technological advancements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental shift does Skinner believe education needs to undergo?

    <p>A revolution similar to the industrial revolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Skinner's stance on the role of traditional teaching methods?

    <p>They are outdated and ineffective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Social Integration in Education

    A cultural approach where children's responsibilities gradually increase through real-world tasks.

    Intent Participation

    A learning approach where children's engagement is driven by task relevance, not external rewards.

    Stimulus Enhancement

    Children's interest in tasks increases through adult or peer interactions with objects or activities.

    Assembly-Line Instruction

    A structured approach where learners are passive and receive brief instructions from the instructor.

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    Switchboard Participant Structure

    Teacher-directed interaction model where instructors control discussion and question flow.

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    Roles of Less-Experienced Participants

    In passive models, they watch and follow instructions with minimal engagement.

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    Roles of More-Experienced Participants

    Instructors guide learning, using questions and praise to direct the class encounter.

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    Collaborative Learning

    A method where learners actively participate and share responsibilities within a group setting.

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    Intrinsic Performance Goals

    Goals driven by a personal desire to demonstrate competence.

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    Extrinsic Performance Goals

    Goals pursued to gain rewards or avoid negative consequences.

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    Adaptive Performance Goals

    Performance goals that can lead to positive outcomes like increased motivation.

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    Performance-Approach Goals

    Focus on achieving competence relative to others.

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    Mastery Goals

    Goals centered on personal mastery and understanding.

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    Combined Goals

    The integration of performance and mastery goals for enhanced outcomes.

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    Multidimensional Approach

    Integrating various motivational factors for better academic engagement.

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    Academic Motivation

    The drive to engage and perform well in academic settings.

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    Values

    Broad desirable goals that motivate people's actions and serve as guiding principles.

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    Cultural Values

    Values that represent the goals encouraged by social collectives.

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    Personal Values

    Broad, trans-situational goals that guide individual actions and decisions.

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    Self-Direction

    The value of forming one's views independently and autonomously.

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    Universalism

    The value focused on protecting the weak and promoting social justice.

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    Security

    The value emphasizing the importance of safety and stability.

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    Hedonism

    The value prioritizing enjoyment and pleasure in life.

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    Benevolence

    The value centered on caring for those one is close to.

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    Active Learning

    An instructional method that engages students in the learning process actively, leading to improved outcomes.

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    Failure Rates

    The percentage of students who do not succeed in a course, shown to be lower with active learning.

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    STEM Disciplines

    Fields of study in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics where active learning shows benefits.

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    Metacognition

    Awareness and control of one's own learning processes, essential for self-regulated learning.

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    Judgments of Learning (JOLs)

    Learners' assessments of how well they have learned information, often misleading due to biases.

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    Desirable Difficulties

    Learning techniques that are challenging but enhance long-term retention and understanding.

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    Interleaving

    A studying technique that mixes different subjects or types of problems to improve understanding.

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    Fluency Illusion

    A cognitive bias where easy-to-process information feels learned better than it actually is.

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    True innovators

    Teachers who develop effective educational programs.

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    B.F. Skinner's critique

    Skinner critiques the American education for inefficiency.

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    Positive reinforcement

    A method where students learn through rewards and success.

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    Low school efficiency

    Schools lack the use of educational technologies for better learning.

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    The 'good teacher myth'

    Education success isn't reliant only on good teachers or students.

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    Clear education goals

    Teachers should have specific objectives for instruction.

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    Teaching essentials

    Focus on basic skills necessary for future learning.

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    Individualized learning pace

    Students learn at their own speed rather than a fixed curriculum.

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    Industrialization

    Shift from agrarian to industrial economy influencing education methods.

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    Child Labor Laws

    Regulations established to protect children from exploitative work.

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    General Literacy

    The ability to read and write, necessitated by industrial jobs.

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    IQ Tests

    Assessments developed to categorize student abilities for educational resources.

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    Verbal Learning

    Acquisition of language skills through listening and mimicking.

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    Observational Learning

    Learning behaviors by watching others and their effects.

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    Study Notes

    Educational Psychology

    • Personal values are central to social sciences and humanities
    • Values reflect what people believe about themselves, and predict attitudes, preferences, and behaviors
    • Values guide principles and motivate personal actions
    • Needs, personality traits, goals are distinct from values, as values refer to what is good or worthy, cultural values are desirable goals of a collective, personal values are broad, trans-situational goals and are a central part of the self.
    • Values in ethics and theology have a right answer, transcendental values are truth, beauty, goodness
    • Values in psychology are results of empirical research, usually from Western, large cities
    • Personal values are measured through self-reporting. Examples include valuing independence of opinion, security, enjoyment of life, and avoiding upsetting others.

    Educational Psychology

    • Universalism is about protecting the weak and vulnerable in society
    • Power is about controlling others
    • Humility is about not thinking you deserve more than others
    • Face is about not being shamed.
    • Stimulation is about always looking for new and different things
    • Benevolence means caring for close people
    • Security is about avoiding disease
    • Universalism/tolerance is about tolerance towards all groups of people
    • Conformity is about following rules
    • Self-direction is about making decisions about life
    • Power/dominance is about having ambition
    • Tradition is about maintaining traditional values
    • Benevolence/dependability is about confidence in relationships.
    • Wealth is considered a value by some
    • Protecting nature/environment is a value
    • Avoiding annoyance is a value
    • Developing your own opinions/views is a value
    • Protecting public image is a value
    • Helping those close to you is a value
    • Personal safety/security is a value.
    • Trustworthiness and dependability as a friend is a value
    • Seeking exciting experiences is a value
    • Having power to influence others is a value
    • Planning activities independently is a value
    • Following rules is a value
    • High achievement is a value
    • Following family/religious customs is valued
    • Understanding cultural differences is a value
    • Having a strong state/country that protects its citizens is a value
    • Enjoying life/pleasures is a valued concept
    • Equal opportunities is valued

    Educational Psychology

    • Values are beliefs about desirable goals that motivate behavior
    • Values elicit emotion when activated
    • They are basic goals, relevant across situations
    • The effects of values happen through trade-offs or compromises
    • Values serve as measures for evaluating actions and individuals
    • Values develop into a relatively enduring hierarchical system

    Educational Psychology

    • Self-transcendence and Openness to change are Growth (Anxiety-free)
    • Conservation & Self-enhancement are Self-protection (Anxiety-avoidance)

    Educational Psychology

    • Values can be combined into four higher-order values that have two basic conflicts
    • The first combines self-enhancement versus self-transcendence.
    • The second combines openness to change versus conservation.

    Educational Psychology

    • Benevolence is valued in cultures across the board
    • Self-direction and Universalism are important

    Educational Psychology

    • Different cultures value different aspects, like benevolence, self-direction, and universalism
    • People prioritize their values in their behaviour

    Educational Psychology

    • There is a correlation between values, religiosity and choices in career, these correlations are consistent across different religions.
    • People who have the same occupation or career tend to share similar values.
    • Values tend to stay consistent from childhood until adulthood

    Educational Psychology

    • Values and close relationships - Prosocial behavior (actions to help others) has strong links with the value of benevolence (a self-transcendence value)
    • Values are highly related and important for people
    • Those who value benevolence are also more inclined to volunteer, donate money, and emphasize a volunteering identity over time.
    • People prioritize their values in their action and interactions with others who are far away (distant others )
    • Universalism values - Tolerance: open views to a large circle of people who think differently, as opposed to one's close socio-demographic group.

    Educational Psychology

    • Tolerance conflicts with values that maintain the status quo or are from another culture
    • Tolerance is seen as a value in some societies and schools
    • Values are related to a person's political orientation.

    Educational Psychology

    • Benevolence is the most important value in most cultures.
    • Teachers' values tend to align with student values, with teachers valuing security and tradition more than students.
    • American students value universalism less in contrast with other students
    • Power is valued less in American students than the general population.

    Educational Psychology

    • Teaching as a "cognitive gadget" differs from "natural cognition" theory.
    • It's a culturally acquired process, developed through interaction with others—child learns to teach through interactions with socialising agents.
    • Using general cognitive abilities(such as reinforcement and executive control) instead of genetically inherited cognitive mechanisms relevant specifically to teaching, which is a unique skill.
    • Cross-cultural diversity in teaching practices exists.

    Educational Psychology

    • Mentalistic view of teaching - humans alone have teaching, needs a theory of mind (this viewpoint is questioned)
    • Functional viewpoints broader than mentalistic teaching - non-humans can also be seen to be teaching.
    • There is a conflict between the mentalistic and functional viewpoint about whether teaching is an inherently human capability.

    Educational Psychology

    • The stability of values is high 2-8 years of age
    • Values are linked to temperament traits
    • There is an abundance of value diversity in society

    Educational Psychology

    • Emphasizes how people learn from observing others and participating in activities, emphasizing shared endeavors and practical applications, rather than isolating skills & knowledge.
    • Distinguishes between "assembly-line" and "intent participation" approaches to learning.

    Educational Psychology

    • Assembly line instruction involves an emphasis on following rules, structure, and procedures that mirror a factory setting, versus intent participation, allowing for more flexible learning approaches suitable for active involvement in real-world applications.
    • Assembly line instruction focuses on direct observation, guidance from experts, and explicit rules, while intent participation on active observation and involvement.

    Educational Psychology

    • The impact of values from teacher's perspective influences student choices and educational experiences, especially concerning the value of social respect or obedience.
    • Intent participation involves collaboration, active participation and shared purpose with an emphasis on integrating language into the real world contexts.
    • Students focus on the results through the entire process and learn the significance of the interaction between these factors.

    Educational Psychology

    • Self-regulated learning involves managing learning processes independently, through monitoring progress, adapting strategies, and choosing methods that are most effective for individual learners.
    • Misconceptions of learning( like only rereading information when studying, rather than using retrieval practice or spaced repetition) often hinder a person's self-efficacy to succeed, and impact their motivation.
    • Various techniques/strategies (like spacing, interleaving or retrieval practice) help to increase retention and improve understanding, which contributes to self-efficacy.

    Educational Psychology

    • Positive (extrinsic) motivation can turn to intrinsic. When students experience consistent success and satisfaction, that can shift to motivation as being intrinsically related
    • External reward or obligation can serve as extrinsic motivation.

    Educational Psychology

    • Mastery goals focus on task-based/intrapersonal competence.
    • Performance-approach goals: focused on normative competence (how good you are in comparison to others)
    • Mastery-avoidance goals focus on avoiding incompetence
    • Performance-avoidance goals focus on avoiding normative incompetence
    • The authors urge educators to reconsider the polarization-focus on a broad interpretation and not two simple types of motivation.
    • Individual interest can be explained through persistence, enjoyment, and pace of learning.
    • Students who have an individual interest in a subject are more persistent/motivated regarding that subject which may enhance and promote learning.
    • Situational interest can be enhanced by more engaging and personally relevant learning materials

    Educational Psychology

    • Examining how individual interest in different subjects shifts through adolescence - declines.
    • There can be various factors influencing this decline (increased academic pressure, loss of personal relevance, and shifts in social interests and priorities).
    • Individual interest helps explain persistence, enjoyment, and pacing. Students with a personal interest in a subject will persist and maintain interest in the subject.
    • Enhancing situational interest through more engaging learning materials will provide better cognitive and emotional experiences.

    Educational Psychology

    • Positive motivation for students means giving them success in learning, which can be facilitated in various ways (like giving autonomy or adjusting challenges to student's skill level).
    • Teachers can help students experience intrinsic motivation—students being motivated due to personal interest rather than obligation- using various teaching techniques.
    • Students learn better through a combination of extrinsic (such as rewards) and intrinsic (like personal interest in the subject itself) motivation.
    • Achievement value, a desire for success, is often linked to performance goals, emphasizing the importance of competency relative to others

    Educational Psychology

    • Multiple aspects of motivation such as social comparison, multiple rewards, and mastery and performance goals must be considered to motivate students.

    Educational Psychology

    • Digital media usage tends to decrease functional brain organization in late childhood.
    • The time spent on digital media doesn't affect how well students do on assessments, when controlling for other factors such as socio-economic background.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of personal values in the context of educational psychology. It examines how values influence individual attitudes, behaviors, and motivations, as well as the role of cultural and ethical values. Test your knowledge on how personal values shape the self and guide principles in society.

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