Educational Psychology Chapter 5

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Questions and Answers

Which outcome of poverty is considered the most detrimental to children's development?

Level of poverty

Duration of poverty (correct)

Poverty of school environment

Timing of poverty

What is a key mechanism through which poverty affects educational outcomes?

Familial academic support

Nutritional food access

Access to extracurricular activities

Quality of instructional materials (correct)

Which strategy is NOT an effective way teachers can support children from low-income backgrounds?

Allowing disruption in class for individual expression (correct)

Creating a safe classroom environment

Setting high expectations

Fostering a culture of learning

What does intersectionality refer to in the context of social identities?

Multiple social identities overlapping and shaping experiences Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of students typically benefit from Tier 1 interventions?

75% to 80% Signup and view all the answers

What does stereotype threat refer to in educational settings?

Anxiety about reinforcing a negative stereotype Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention tier typically involves intensive support for the smallest percentage of students?

Tier 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of ADHD?

Inattention Signup and view all the answers

What type of support is beneficial for students with autism spectrum disorders?

Visual aids and frequent breaks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes autism spectrum disorders?

Developmental disabilities affecting communication and social interaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary challenge facing immigrant students?

Language barriers Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and high control?

Authoritative Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the immigrant paradox?

First-generation immigrant youth perform better than more established immigrants. Signup and view all the answers

What approach to bilingual education emphasizes full language immersion for students?

Dual-language immersion Signup and view all the answers

What is one way schools can increase parent involvement?

Host multilingual activities Signup and view all the answers

Which group is identified as struggling most within the context of intersectionality?

Low-income, black males Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is NOT commonly used to support aggressive children?

Punishment and exclusion Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does culturally relevant pedagogy primarily focus on?

Academic success and cultural competence Signup and view all the answers

In terms of parenting involvement, which factor is most likely to create a cultural mismatch?

Differences in ethnicity and culture Signup and view all the answers

What does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) guarantee?

Free appropriate public education for all children regardless of disability Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical characteristic of someone with difficulties in social interactions?

Poor eye contact Signup and view all the answers

What type of intelligence is primarily associated with problem-solving methods and learned abilities?

Crystallized intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which type of thinking leads to one correct answer?

Convergent thinking Signup and view all the answers

What primarily influences self-efficacy?

Previous success and support Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a well-structured problem?

Solving a math equation Signup and view all the answers

What does metacognition involve?

Understanding one's own thinking processes Signup and view all the answers

How does self-concept typically change during childhood?

It differentiates in middle childhood Signup and view all the answers

What is one major outcome of low self-efficacy?

Lower goals Signup and view all the answers

Which learning style involves a preference for using sounds and hearing information?

Auditory Signup and view all the answers

What is the Flynn effect primarily associated with?

Rising IQ test scores over time Signup and view all the answers

What is often a barrier to fostering creativity in schools?

Focus on standardized testing Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes ill-structured problems?

They mirror real-world complexities Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intelligence includes spatial awareness and visual reasoning?

Spatial intelligence Signup and view all the answers

What is an outcome of high self-efficacy?

Higher persistence with challenges Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Poverty and Schools

Poverty has a negative effect on students, the severity of the impact increases with the length and depth of poverty experienced
The negative effects are strongest in early years and persist throughout schooling
Schools with a higher concentration of poor students have a higher concentration of negative outcomes
Teachers can support poor students through consistent communication, high expectations, and engaging instruction

Culture and Diversity

Ethnic and racial identity: one's perception of their race or ethnicity, encompassing beliefs, feelings, significance, and meaning.
Intersectionality: The intricate interplay of overlapping social identities, including gender, sexual orientation, class, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, age, and more
Stereotype threat: The anxiety associated with confirming negative stereotypes.
Achievement gaps between racial groups exist and widen throughout schooling.
The mismatch between student demographics and teacher demographics, as well as the mismatch between school values and the values of diverse learners, contribute to achievement gaps.
Affirmative racial identity plays a positive role in academic performance.

Gender and Schooling

Gender differences in learning outcomes are highly complex and can vary depending on the intersectionality of gender with other social categories.
Differences within gender categories are often greater than differences between genders.
Cultural differences influence expectations and outcomes for students based on their gender.
Schools socialize gender through various mechanisms, including curricular content, teacher expectations and interactions, and physical separation in activities like sports.

Immigrants

Immigrant students face challenges including language barriers, cultural barriers, immigration stress, and discrimination.
Culturally relevant pedagogy emphasizes the value of student cultural identities while promoting academic success, cultural competence, and critical consciousness which challenges the status quo.
Bilingual education approaches include dual language immersion and transitional bilingual education.
Schools should create welcoming environments for immigrant students and families, provide academic support, and connect families with relevant resources.
The immigrant paradox refers to the higher academic achievement of first-generation immigrant youth compared to established immigrants and non-immigrants.

Parenting

Parental involvement impacts student outcomes with influences from ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and age.
Cultural mismatch can arise when parental involvement styles differ from school expectations.
Higher socioeconomic status families often engage in "concerted cultivation" which involves active involvement in their child's education.
Parental involvement generally declines over time, with types of involvement like homework help having a negative relationship to student outcomes.
Barriers to parental involvement include work schedules, language barriers, cultural differences, family type, and low parental efficacy.
Schools can increase parental involvement through multilingual communication, in-school activities, community building initiatives, home-visiting programs, and parental leadership opportunities.
Parenting styles encompass the ways in which parents interact with and discipline children.

Peers

Sociometric status measures a person's popularity or unpopularity among peers.
Social and emotional learning (SEL) programs foster skills for social and emotional development.
Peers can influence a student's achievement through social interactions and expectations.
Supporting aggressive children involves social skills training, SEL programs, meditation, behavioral strategies, and cognitive counseling.

Disabilities

IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) guarantees a free public education for all students, regardless of disability.
Tiered interventions include schoolwide, targeted, and intensive support levels to address academic and behavioral needs.
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by difficulties in social interaction and communication with varying levels of severity.
Schools should provide accommodations and support for students with disabilities to meet their individual needs.

Learning Styles

General intelligence (g) is a broad factor in cognitive ability.
Fluid intelligence refers to abstract reasoning and mental efficiency, while crystallized intelligence involves knowledge and skills gained from experience.
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes eight distinct types: logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal intrapersonal, and naturalist.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a score comparing mental and chronological age.
The Flynn effect refers to rising IQ test scores observed over time, potentially due to factors like smaller families and improved health.
The concept of learning styles, while popular, lacks scientific support from educational psychologists.

Creativity

Creativity: The ability to think in novel ways with contributions from both nature and nurture.
Schools often aren't structured to foster creativity, but can create an environment that encourages it.
Creative individuals experience "flow," a state of complete engagement with an activity, losing track of time and space.
Divergent thinking involves generating multiple solutions to a problem, while convergent thinking focuses on finding the one correct answer.

Self-Beliefs

Self-esteem reflects a global evaluation of one's self-worth, while self-concept refers to perceptions of ability in specific areas.
Self-esteem and self-concept change over time, with young children often having unrealistic perceptions.
These concepts are further differentiated in middle childhood and may decline during adolescence.
Gender differences exist in self-esteem and self-concept, influencing activity choices and academic achievement.

Cognitive Processes

Metacognition: The ability to think about one's thinking, involving planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning.
Metacognitive skills improve over time and predict higher achievement.
Learning strategies encompass approaches to learning, with deep learning focusing on meaning and understanding, while surface learning involves a superficial approach.
Increased use of learning strategies is associated with understanding why, when, and how to use them, believing in their effectiveness, and having prior knowledge.
Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's capabilities to succeed in a particular task.
High self-efficacy is linked to increased effort, performance, persistence, and recovery from setbacks.
Low self-efficacy is associated with lower goals, negativity towards challenges, and difficulties with setbacks.
Predictors of self-efficacy include success experiences, modeling, encouragement, goal setting, and positive feedback.
Problem solving encompasses both well-structured problems with clear solutions and ill-structured problems with open-ended solutions.
Experts versus novice thinkers differ in attention, pattern recognition, content knowledge organization, information retrieval, deliberate practice, metacognition, strategic thinking, and connection-making.
Teaching for transfer involves applying learned material to new contexts, which can be near transfer (similar context) or far transfer (substantially different context).

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Description

Test your knowledge on crucial aspects of educational psychology, focusing on the effects of poverty, intersectionality, and support strategies for students with diverse needs. This quiz delves into concepts like stereotype threat, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorders, providing an insightful challenge for educators and psychology students alike.