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Questions and Answers
Which outcome of poverty is considered the most detrimental to children's development?
What is a key mechanism through which poverty affects educational outcomes?
Which strategy is NOT an effective way teachers can support children from low-income backgrounds?
What does intersectionality refer to in the context of social identities?
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What percentage of students typically benefit from Tier 1 interventions?
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What does stereotype threat refer to in educational settings?
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Which intervention tier typically involves intensive support for the smallest percentage of students?
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What is a common symptom of ADHD?
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What type of support is beneficial for students with autism spectrum disorders?
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Which of the following best describes autism spectrum disorders?
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What is a primary challenge facing immigrant students?
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Which parenting style is characterized by high warmth and high control?
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Which of the following best describes the immigrant paradox?
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What approach to bilingual education emphasizes full language immersion for students?
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What is one way schools can increase parent involvement?
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Which group is identified as struggling most within the context of intersectionality?
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Which strategy is NOT commonly used to support aggressive children?
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What aspect does culturally relevant pedagogy primarily focus on?
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In terms of parenting involvement, which factor is most likely to create a cultural mismatch?
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What does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) guarantee?
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What is a typical characteristic of someone with difficulties in social interactions?
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What type of intelligence is primarily associated with problem-solving methods and learned abilities?
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Which type of thinking leads to one correct answer?
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What primarily influences self-efficacy?
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Which of the following is an example of a well-structured problem?
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What does metacognition involve?
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How does self-concept typically change during childhood?
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What is one major outcome of low self-efficacy?
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Which learning style involves a preference for using sounds and hearing information?
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What is the Flynn effect primarily associated with?
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What is often a barrier to fostering creativity in schools?
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What characterizes ill-structured problems?
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Which type of intelligence includes spatial awareness and visual reasoning?
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What is an outcome of high self-efficacy?
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Study Notes
Poverty and Schools
- Poverty has a negative effect on students, the severity of the impact increases with the length and depth of poverty experienced
- The negative effects are strongest in early years and persist throughout schooling
- Schools with a higher concentration of poor students have a higher concentration of negative outcomes
- Teachers can support poor students through consistent communication, high expectations, and engaging instruction
Culture and Diversity
- Ethnic and racial identity: one's perception of their race or ethnicity, encompassing beliefs, feelings, significance, and meaning.
- Intersectionality: The intricate interplay of overlapping social identities, including gender, sexual orientation, class, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, age, and more
- Stereotype threat: The anxiety associated with confirming negative stereotypes.
- Achievement gaps between racial groups exist and widen throughout schooling.
- The mismatch between student demographics and teacher demographics, as well as the mismatch between school values and the values of diverse learners, contribute to achievement gaps.
- Affirmative racial identity plays a positive role in academic performance.
Gender and Schooling
- Gender differences in learning outcomes are highly complex and can vary depending on the intersectionality of gender with other social categories.
- Differences within gender categories are often greater than differences between genders.
- Cultural differences influence expectations and outcomes for students based on their gender.
- Schools socialize gender through various mechanisms, including curricular content, teacher expectations and interactions, and physical separation in activities like sports.
Immigrants
- Immigrant students face challenges including language barriers, cultural barriers, immigration stress, and discrimination.
- Culturally relevant pedagogy emphasizes the value of student cultural identities while promoting academic success, cultural competence, and critical consciousness which challenges the status quo.
- Bilingual education approaches include dual language immersion and transitional bilingual education.
- Schools should create welcoming environments for immigrant students and families, provide academic support, and connect families with relevant resources.
- The immigrant paradox refers to the higher academic achievement of first-generation immigrant youth compared to established immigrants and non-immigrants.
Parenting
- Parental involvement impacts student outcomes with influences from ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and age.
- Cultural mismatch can arise when parental involvement styles differ from school expectations.
- Higher socioeconomic status families often engage in "concerted cultivation" which involves active involvement in their child's education.
- Parental involvement generally declines over time, with types of involvement like homework help having a negative relationship to student outcomes.
- Barriers to parental involvement include work schedules, language barriers, cultural differences, family type, and low parental efficacy.
- Schools can increase parental involvement through multilingual communication, in-school activities, community building initiatives, home-visiting programs, and parental leadership opportunities.
- Parenting styles encompass the ways in which parents interact with and discipline children.
Peers
- Sociometric status measures a person's popularity or unpopularity among peers.
- Social and emotional learning (SEL) programs foster skills for social and emotional development.
- Peers can influence a student's achievement through social interactions and expectations.
- Supporting aggressive children involves social skills training, SEL programs, meditation, behavioral strategies, and cognitive counseling.
Disabilities
- IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) guarantees a free public education for all students, regardless of disability.
- Tiered interventions include schoolwide, targeted, and intensive support levels to address academic and behavioral needs.
- ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder): a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by difficulties in social interaction and communication with varying levels of severity.
- Schools should provide accommodations and support for students with disabilities to meet their individual needs.
Learning Styles
- General intelligence (g) is a broad factor in cognitive ability.
- Fluid intelligence refers to abstract reasoning and mental efficiency, while crystallized intelligence involves knowledge and skills gained from experience.
- Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes eight distinct types: logical-mathematical, verbal-linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal intrapersonal, and naturalist.
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a score comparing mental and chronological age.
- The Flynn effect refers to rising IQ test scores observed over time, potentially due to factors like smaller families and improved health.
- The concept of learning styles, while popular, lacks scientific support from educational psychologists.
Creativity
- Creativity: The ability to think in novel ways with contributions from both nature and nurture.
- Schools often aren't structured to foster creativity, but can create an environment that encourages it.
- Creative individuals experience "flow," a state of complete engagement with an activity, losing track of time and space.
- Divergent thinking involves generating multiple solutions to a problem, while convergent thinking focuses on finding the one correct answer.
Self-Beliefs
- Self-esteem reflects a global evaluation of one's self-worth, while self-concept refers to perceptions of ability in specific areas.
- Self-esteem and self-concept change over time, with young children often having unrealistic perceptions.
- These concepts are further differentiated in middle childhood and may decline during adolescence.
- Gender differences exist in self-esteem and self-concept, influencing activity choices and academic achievement.
Cognitive Processes
- Metacognition: The ability to think about one's thinking, involving planning, monitoring, and evaluating learning.
- Metacognitive skills improve over time and predict higher achievement.
- Learning strategies encompass approaches to learning, with deep learning focusing on meaning and understanding, while surface learning involves a superficial approach.
- Increased use of learning strategies is associated with understanding why, when, and how to use them, believing in their effectiveness, and having prior knowledge.
- Self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's capabilities to succeed in a particular task.
- High self-efficacy is linked to increased effort, performance, persistence, and recovery from setbacks.
- Low self-efficacy is associated with lower goals, negativity towards challenges, and difficulties with setbacks.
- Predictors of self-efficacy include success experiences, modeling, encouragement, goal setting, and positive feedback.
- Problem solving encompasses both well-structured problems with clear solutions and ill-structured problems with open-ended solutions.
- Experts versus novice thinkers differ in attention, pattern recognition, content knowledge organization, information retrieval, deliberate practice, metacognition, strategic thinking, and connection-making.
- Teaching for transfer involves applying learned material to new contexts, which can be near transfer (similar context) or far transfer (substantially different context).
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Description
Test your knowledge on crucial aspects of educational psychology, focusing on the effects of poverty, intersectionality, and support strategies for students with diverse needs. This quiz delves into concepts like stereotype threat, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorders, providing an insightful challenge for educators and psychology students alike.
