Ecosystem Services and Tragedy of the Commons
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Questions and Answers

Ecosystem services provide benefits that people obtain from ______.

ecosystems

The four major categories of ecosystem services include provisioning, regulating, cultural, and ______.

supporting

Provisioning services refer to the material benefits such as food, water, and ______.

fiber

Regulating services involve benefits like air quality and ______ control.

<p>flood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural ecosystem services provide non-material benefits such as recreation and ______ appreciation.

<p>aesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Supporting services are necessary natural processes that include habitats and ______ cycling.

<p>nutrient</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'tragedy of the commons' refers to the continuous deterioration of our ______ resources.

<p>common-pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human desire for resources is described as an ______ pit.

<p>endless</p> Signup and view all the answers

Challenges of sustainability include the notion that resources will eventually ______ themselves.

<p>replenish</p> Signup and view all the answers

To aid nature, ______ and technology are essential.

<p>self-discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

Persons with rights to withdraw from and the boundaries of the common-pool resource are clearly defined in the principle of ______.

<p>Clearly Defined Boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Ostrom's design principles, the idea that rule violators are to receive ______ sanctions is crucial for enforcement.

<p>graduated</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle promoting participation among persons affected by the rules is known as ______-Choice Arrangement.

<p>Collective</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adoption of efficiency-increasing technology can result in ______ paradox, as articulated by William Stanley Jevon.

<p>Jevon’s</p> Signup and view all the answers

One consequence of escalating investments due to efficiency-increasing technologies is known as the Negative ______ Effect.

<p>Production</p> Signup and view all the answers

A critical issue relating to population dynamics in resource management is ______ growth.

<p>Rapid</p> Signup and view all the answers

To address overpopulation, strategies may include better provision of public ______ and services.

<p>goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

External authorities must respect rules set in the principle of Minimal Recognition of ______.

<p>Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

A deceptive belief about technological advancements is that they can allow us to maintain our current levels of ______.

<p>consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of ______ Enterprises involves having multiple governance levels for managing common-pool resources.

<p>Nested</p> Signup and view all the answers

Persons affected by the rules can participate in modifying these in the ______-Choice Arrangement.

<p>Collective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rule violators are to receive graduated ______.

<p>sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of ______ involves ensuring rapid access to low-cost local dispute resolutions.

<p>Conflict Resolution Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Efficiency-increasing technology can lead to Jevon’s ______, where demand rises due to lower costs.

<p>Paradox</p> Signup and view all the answers

External authorities must respect rules set in the principle of Minimal Recognition of ______.

<p>Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

One major contributing factor to the tragedy of the commons is ______ growth.

<p>Overpopulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

As a result of investments in efficiency-increasing technologies, there can be a Negative Production ______.

<p>Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

To combat rapid population growth, strategies may include better provision of public goods and ______.

<p>services</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of Nested ______ involves having multiple governance levels for managing common-pool resources.

<p>Enterprises</p> Signup and view all the answers

People can be easily seduced by the promise of clean-energy technologies, a phenomenon described as Green ______.

<p>Conscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ecosystem services are classified into four major categories including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and ______.

<p>supporting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provisioning services encompass material benefits such as food, water, fiber, and ______.

<p>fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of the 'tragedy of the commons' highlights the continuous deterioration of common-pool ______.

<p>resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cultural ecosystem services provide non-material benefits such as recreation and ______ appreciation.

<p>aesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regulating services contribute to benefits such as soil fertility, flood control, and ______ pollination.

<p>crop</p> Signup and view all the answers

Human ______ for resources can create significant challenges in managing common-pool resources.

<p>desire</p> Signup and view all the answers

Challenges of sustainability include misconceptions that resources will eventually ______ themselves.

<p>replenish</p> Signup and view all the answers

To successfully manage common-pool resources, fostering cooperation through ______ is essential.

<p>participation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Technological advancements can lead to increased consumption, a phenomenon known as the ______ paradox.

<p>Jevons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Supporting services include necessary natural processes such as nutrient cycling and the ______ cycle.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ecosystem Services

  • Ecosystem services refer to the benefits humans derive from ecosystems, categorized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).
  • Four major categories include:
    • Provisioning: Material benefits such as food, water, fiber, wood, and fuels.
    • Regulating: Benefits from ecosystem regulation, including air quality, soil fertility, flood control, and crop pollination.
    • Cultural: Non-material benefits like recreation, tourism, aesthetic appreciation, and spiritual experiences.
    • Supporting: Natural processes that support other ecosystem services, encompassing habitats, biodiversity, and nutrient and water cycling.

Tragedy of the Commons

  • "Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all" highlights the conflict between individual desires and communal resources.
  • Commons are finite resources shared by a population, and human demand can lead to resource depletion.
  • Sustainability challenges include:
    • Future-sight: Misjudging the replenishment of resources.
    • Social scope: Prioritizing personal or community needs over collective sustainability.
    • Bigger picture: Seeing larger entities exploit resources as justification for personal actions.

Ostrom’s Eight Design Principles

  • Clearly Defined Boundaries: Rights to use and the limits of common pool resources must be defined.
  • Proportional Equivalence Between Benefits and Costs: Balancing appropriations with benefits and local circumstances.
  • Collective-Choice Arrangement: Stakeholders can participate in rule modifications.
  • Monitoring: Accountability through active auditing of resource conditions and user behaviors.
  • Graduated Sanctions: Rule violators face progressive sanctions based on infractions.
  • Conflict Resolution Mechanism: Access to low-cost, local dispute resolutions for rapid conflict management.
  • Minimal Recognition of Rights: External authorities uphold community-set rules.
  • Nested Enterprises: Coordinated governance across multiple levels for resource management.

Population Growth and Sustainability

  • Overpopulation is a contributing factor to the tragedy of the commons.
  • Solutions to manage population growth include:
    • Investing in social security and risk management.
    • Providing financial aid and better public services.
    • Enhancing education and empowering women.

Blindsides of Going Green

  • Jevon’s Paradox: Increased efficiency in technology results in lower costs and higher demand, potentially nullifying environmental benefits.
    • Examples include transitions from coal to steam and from fluorescent lights to LED technology.
  • Negative Production Effect: Efficient technologies can lead to more investments, increasing environmental harm.
    • Solar cell production emits nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), which is significantly more harmful than CO2.
    • Biofuel cultivation affects food supply, raising prices and leading to deforestation for land conversion to crops.

Green Conscience Phenomenon

  • Highlighted by Ozzie Zehner (2012), it describes the naïve belief that new clean-energy technologies will eradicate environmental consequences.
  • Reliance on technological advancements fosters an illusion that current consumption levels can remain unchanged without damaging the environment.

Final Considerations

  • Addressing blindsides involves re-evaluating assumptions about technology and consumption’s impacts on sustainability.

Ecosystem Services

  • Ecosystem services refer to the benefits humans derive from ecosystems, categorized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).
  • Four major categories include:
    • Provisioning: Material benefits such as food, water, fiber, wood, and fuels.
    • Regulating: Benefits from ecosystem regulation, including air quality, soil fertility, flood control, and crop pollination.
    • Cultural: Non-material benefits like recreation, tourism, aesthetic appreciation, and spiritual experiences.
    • Supporting: Natural processes that support other ecosystem services, encompassing habitats, biodiversity, and nutrient and water cycling.

Tragedy of the Commons

  • "Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all" highlights the conflict between individual desires and communal resources.
  • Commons are finite resources shared by a population, and human demand can lead to resource depletion.
  • Sustainability challenges include:
    • Future-sight: Misjudging the replenishment of resources.
    • Social scope: Prioritizing personal or community needs over collective sustainability.
    • Bigger picture: Seeing larger entities exploit resources as justification for personal actions.

Ostrom’s Eight Design Principles

  • Clearly Defined Boundaries: Rights to use and the limits of common pool resources must be defined.
  • Proportional Equivalence Between Benefits and Costs: Balancing appropriations with benefits and local circumstances.
  • Collective-Choice Arrangement: Stakeholders can participate in rule modifications.
  • Monitoring: Accountability through active auditing of resource conditions and user behaviors.
  • Graduated Sanctions: Rule violators face progressive sanctions based on infractions.
  • Conflict Resolution Mechanism: Access to low-cost, local dispute resolutions for rapid conflict management.
  • Minimal Recognition of Rights: External authorities uphold community-set rules.
  • Nested Enterprises: Coordinated governance across multiple levels for resource management.

Population Growth and Sustainability

  • Overpopulation is a contributing factor to the tragedy of the commons.
  • Solutions to manage population growth include:
    • Investing in social security and risk management.
    • Providing financial aid and better public services.
    • Enhancing education and empowering women.

Blindsides of Going Green

  • Jevon’s Paradox: Increased efficiency in technology results in lower costs and higher demand, potentially nullifying environmental benefits.
    • Examples include transitions from coal to steam and from fluorescent lights to LED technology.
  • Negative Production Effect: Efficient technologies can lead to more investments, increasing environmental harm.
    • Solar cell production emits nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), which is significantly more harmful than CO2.
    • Biofuel cultivation affects food supply, raising prices and leading to deforestation for land conversion to crops.

Green Conscience Phenomenon

  • Highlighted by Ozzie Zehner (2012), it describes the naïve belief that new clean-energy technologies will eradicate environmental consequences.
  • Reliance on technological advancements fosters an illusion that current consumption levels can remain unchanged without damaging the environment.

Final Considerations

  • Addressing blindsides involves re-evaluating assumptions about technology and consumption’s impacts on sustainability.

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Description

Explore the complex relationships between ecosystem services and the Tragedy of the Commons. This quiz delves into the categories of ecosystem benefits, emphasizing the need for sustainable management of common resources. Test your understanding of how individual actions can impact communal resources.

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