COPY: Ecosystem Services and Climate Sensitivity
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of algal blooms caused by human activities on aquatic ecosystems?

  • Increased oxygen levels
  • Depletion of oxygen (correct)
  • Enhanced fish populations
  • Increased clarity of water

Which process in the nitrogen cycle is responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants?

  • Decomposition
  • Anthropogenic flux
  • Fixation (correct)
  • Denitrification

What is the largest reservoir of carbon in the carbon cycle?

  • Atmosphere
  • Rocks and sediment (correct)
  • Living organisms
  • Oceans

Which of the following processes increases nitrogen levels in ecosystems due to human activity?

<p>Burning fossil fuels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is radiative forcing primarily concerned with?

<p>Energy balance of the atmosphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of deforestation in relation to the carbon cycle?

<p>Increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does negative radiative forcing have on Earth?

<p>Results in cooling of the planet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the flux of ocean absorption in the carbon cycle?

<p>Decreases atmospheric CO₂ levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the increase in water vapor have on climate?

<p>It contributes to warming the Earth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback mechanism relates to melting ice decreasing Earth's reflectivity?

<p>Ice-albedo feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?

<p>To assess scientific research on climate change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines social optimum in economic terms?

<p>When external costs and benefits are fully accounted for. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of ocean acidification?

<p>Decrease in marine biodiversity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the scenario where marginal revenue equals marginal cost?

<p>Economic optimum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to increased variability in precipitation patterns?

<p>Warming of the Earth's surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can negative externalities affect third parties during production?

<p>They impose costs on individuals not directly involved in the transaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary drawback of GDP as a measure of a country's progress?

<p>It does not account for resource depletion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GPI differ fundamentally from GDP in terms of environmental considerations?

<p>GPI adjusts for environmental damage, while GDP does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a positive addition in the GPI calculation?

<p>Access to education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity' refer to?

<p>The eventual temperature predicted after CO2 levels stop rising. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Anthropocene epoch?

<p>It is defined by human actions strongly influencing geology and ecosystems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the term 'residence time' in biogeochemical cycles?

<p>The average time an element remains in a reservoir before transitioning to another reservoir. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of photosynthesis directly contributes to the carbon cycle?

<p>Production of glucose and release of oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a sink from a source in biogeochemical cycles?

<p>A sink absorbs more of an element than it releases, while a source releases more. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the phosphorus cycle, which statement is true regarding its characteristics?

<p>Rocks and sediments serve as the largest reservoir of phosphorus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which range represents the predicted temperature rise due to a doubling of atmospheric CO2?

<p>2.5°C to 4°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do supporting services serve within ecosystems?

<p>They offer nutrient cycling and primary production essential for other services. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the internalisation of externalities primarily aim to achieve?

<p>Include external costs or benefits in market prices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can be utilized to manage externalities?

<p>Using a Pigovian tax (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances does the Coase theorem suggest that parties can negotiate resolutions to externalities?

<p>When property rights are well defined (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the optimal pollution level?

<p>When marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Tragedy of the Commons?

<p>Resource depletion occurs despite shared interest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies involves allocating permits to control pollution?

<p>Cap-and-Trade system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increasing demand on optimal pollution levels?

<p>Optimal pollution levels increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best defines a common good?

<p>A resource available to everyone, often at risk of depletion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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