Economic Development of Kazakhstan

The initial phase of economic reform in Kazakhstan, marked by the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-based system.

The process of transitioning from a centrally planned economy to a market economy.

A type of economy where the government plays a limited role, allowing for private ownership and competition in the market.

The process of reducing government restrictions on economic activity.

The period in Kazakhstan's history where it faced major challenges, including the deep economic crisis that started before the period of Perestroika.

The practice of allowing prices to be determined by market forces, rather than government control.

A sudden and significant increase in prices, which can be a consequence of price liberalization.

A measure of the general price level of consumer goods and services, used to track inflation.

The process of changing how students are selected and admitted to higher education institutions.

A shift in the ownership of universities, with some becoming national and others private.

A joint venture between Kazakhstan and the American Chevron Corporation to develop oil resources in Kazakhstan.

Focuses on developing and expanding economic ties between Kazakhstan and Switzerland.

An agreement between Kazakhstan and Switzerland to facilitate passenger and cargo travel between the two countries.

An agreement between Kazakhstan and Switzerland aimed at integrating Central Asian nations into international trade.

A conference held in Zurich, Switzerland, promoting investment opportunities for Swiss companies in Kazakhstan.

An economic delegation led by Switzerland's Deputy Secretary of State for the Economy visiting Kazakhstan to enhance trade relations.

A shift from a government-controlled (command) economy to a market-based system where businesses and individuals make economic decisions.

The process of reducing government involvement in the economy, allowing market forces to determine prices and allocation of resources.

The creation of various economic sectors (like agriculture, manufacturing, services) contributing to a diverse and robust economy.

The establishment of a system where multiple banks operate, often based on international standards to improve efficiency and stability.

A situation where the value of money remains relatively stable, preventing excessive price increases (inflation) or rapid declines.

The growth of small and medium-sized businesses, leading to greater competition and economic dynamism.

A system where prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand, with government intervention only in cases of essential goods.

A program promoting cooperation on trade and transportation services, particularly in Central Asia and the Caucasus.

This period saw the introduction of private property, nationalization was implemented across various fields, and a new national currency called Tenge was introduced. However, the reforms of this time were still incomplete, particularly in areas of credit and monetary policy. Due to dependence on the Russian ruble, Kazakhstan's economic and political decisions were heavily influenced by those made in Russia.

This period focused on macroeconomic stabilization and the development of a new legal framework covering various economic aspects like taxation, banking, and foreign trade. It was primarily marked by efforts to stabilize the economy and build institutional infrastructure.

This period emphasized liberalization, privatization, and introduction of a new national currency. It marked a shift towards free-market principles, but still faced challenges due to dependence on Russia's economic policies.

Kazakhstan, despite being the last remaining Republic of the USSR in 1991, chose to use the Soviet Ruble even after leaving the union. However, this decision resulted in significant economic challenges, like inflation and a surge in exports, as other former USSR republics had already introduced their own currencies.

A period where Kazakhstan was essentially dependent on Russia's economic and political decisions, since it remained part of the ruble zone.

The introduction of new currency by Russia, where Kazakhstan didn't receive the new 50-ruble banknotes, effectively pushed Kazakhstan out of the ruble zone.

A term used to describe both the implementation of free market reforms and the transition away from the old Soviet system.

The period after leaving the ruble zone, characterized by initial chaos and inflation, highlighted the challenges of adopting a new national currency and navigating independent economic policy.

A multi-faceted undertaking aimed at strengthening Kazakhstan's position as a regional trade hub, with key focus on cross-border trade facilitation, quality control to ensure goods meet standards, combating smuggling and counterfeit products, and enhancing Khorgos' attractiveness as a center for trade and economic activity.

A strategic partnership involving significant investment in Kazakhstan's oil and gas sector. This collaboration involves Chinese oil workers actively contributing to the industry, Chinese companies acquiring stakes in major Kazakh oil corporations, and the development of key oil pipeline infrastructure, such as the Atasu-Alashaikou section.

South Korea's strategic economic role in Kazakhstan. It is a major investor, playing a significant part in Kazakhstan's foreign economic priorities, with many partnerships established through trade agreements, investment protections, and agreements like the Fund for the Promotion of Economic Development (EDSE).

A roadmap for comprehensive reforms in Kazakhstan, encompassing five institutional reforms aimed at strengthening the state, public institutions, and promoting national goals outlined in the Strategy 2050.

A landmark document outlining the direction for Kazakhstan's future development. It aims to guide the country's transition towards a more prosperous and sustainable future, emphasizing the role of institutions and systematic advancements.

A significant moment where the President of Kazakhstan underscored the importance of citizen involvement in reform efforts. By emphasizing the role of the people in shaping the future of the nation, it signals a shift towards a more inclusive approach to reform.

An important step in the implementation of the National Plan, this meeting aimed to address the five key institutional reforms outlined in the "100 Concrete Steps" document. It signifies a commitment to tackling the challenges and opportunities of reform.

The official launch of the comprehensive plan for implementing the five institutional reforms outlined in the "100 Concrete Steps" document. This marks a significant step towards realizing the goals of the national development strategy.

A strategic plan developed by Kazakhstan in 2015 to implement economic and political reforms aimed at modernizing the country and transitioning to a more competitive and inclusive economy.

The national body established to oversee and coordinate the implementation of the "100 Concrete Steps" reform plan, involving various government agencies and experts.

A series of significant changes made to the country's systems and institutions to enhance their effectiveness, efficiency, and transparency, serving as a cornerstone of the "100 Concrete Steps" plan.

A set of measures taken by the government to address the challenges of the global economic slowdown and protect the population from its negative effects, including social safety nets and economic stimulus programs.

A set of detailed plans outlining the specific actions and steps required to implement each of the five institutional reforms, providing a framework for practical implementation.

The president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, compared the scale and significance of the "100 Concrete Steps" reforms to the sweeping changes implemented in the 1990s, highlighting their transformative nature.

The president's assessment of the progress achieved by the "100 Concrete Steps" plan, highlighting the key accomplishments and outlining the future plans and goals.