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What is a key characteristic of the procedural approach compared to the declarative approach?

  • More efficient if constraints change
  • Less flexible when constraints change (correct)
  • Easier to modify when requirements evolve
  • Focuses on what needs to be achieved

    • Which of the following programming languages is primarily used in implementing embedded autonomous agents?

  • Ruby
  • JavaScript
  • Python
  • C++ (correct)

    • What is a common disadvantage of using spreadsheets for business analytics?

  • Ease of use for all users
  • Error-prone and labor-intensive nature (correct)
  • Ability to manage big data
  • High integration capabilities

    • What is a significant advantage of using a declarative approach in programming?

    <p>Allows easy modification of the model with changing constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decisions are often characterized by more uncertainty and less historical data?

    <p>Strategic decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical feature of integrated business intelligence and planning solutions?

    <p>Expensive and usually not open-source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the execution style of declarative programming languages?

    <p>They resemble pseudocode for readability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect makes the procedural programming model less adaptable than the declarative model?

    <p>Rigidity in changing constraints without overhaul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary purposes of Python?

    <p>Model building and statistical operations on data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common area where Python is used?

    <p>Quantum computing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used in the terminal to run a Python script and redirect the output?

    <p>python3 hello.py &gt; output.txt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)?

    <p>IDEs provide an interface for managing all phases of software development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Python primarily categorized in terms of programming languages?

    <p>Open-source scripting language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for Cython in relation to Python?

    <p>Wrapper for Python that enhances speed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When running a Python script from a file manager, what is likely true?

    <p>It is more commonly used in production stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are code editors primarily used for?

    <p>Writing and editing code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT attributed to Python IDLE?

    <p>Cloud-based execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Jupyter Notebooks?

    <p>It is a web application for creating computational documents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes JupyterLab from Jupyter Notebooks?

    <p>JupyterLab is the next generation and expands usability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential feature of Google COLAB allows you to execute Python code?

    <p>It enables code execution through a browser.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Jupyter Notebook cells?

    <p>Cells are versatile and can contain text in markdown or code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might debugging large codes in Jupyter Notebooks be problematic?

    <p>It lacks a built-in debugging tool.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature among all mentioned IDEs?

    <p>They can run Python code directly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about IDLE is inaccurate?

    <p>IDLE is designed for larger projects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Operational and Structured Decisions

    • Operational and structured decisions are often combinatorial in nature.
    • Combinatorial problems are problems where you need to find the best combination of choices from a set of possibilities.

    Decision Support System (DSS) and Analytic Programming

    • Analytic Programming (AP) is a branch of computer science that focuses on developing software to solve complex decision problems.
    • DSS are computer-based systems that help decision-makers in identifying and solving problems.
    • AP and DSS are often used together to develop solutions for operational and strategic decisions.

    Types of Decision Support System (DSS)

    • Automated DSS can be used for problems that are well-defined and have limited uncertainty. Examples of application include:
      • AGV routing in an automated plant
      • Distribution management
      • Production planning

    ### Programming Approaches

    • Procedural approach: you define the steps to get a solution (plan).
    • Declarative approach: you describe the desired outcome, and the system figures out how to achieve it.

    ### Declarative vs. Procedural

    • Declarative approach is more flexible (e.g., if a constraint changes, just modify the model).
    • Procedural approach is tailored and less flexible (e.g., if a constraint changes, you have to modify the procedure); more efficient.

    ### Tools for Analytic Programming

    • AMPL, OPL (IBM), Amply, and Pulp (Python libraries): popular tools for declarative programming.
    • STRIPS, PDDL: commonly used in artificial intelligence for planning and robotics.

    ### Embedded Autonomous Agents

    • Autonomous agents are computer programs that can act independently to achieve their goals.
    • Autonomous agents used for real-time decision-making need to be fast.
    • C, C++ are languages used for embedded systems due to their efficiency and control over hardware.

    Tactical and Strategic Decisions

    • Tactical and strategic decisions often involve more uncertainty and require historical data for analysis.
    • Product/service launch, product/service advertising, and product/service pricing are examples of tactical and strategic decisions.

    ### Tools for Business Analytics (BA)

    • Spreadsheets (Excel, ...) + various add-ins:
      • Error-prone
      • Labor-intensive
      • Cannot be integrated into larger applications
      • Cannot deal with big data

    Integrated Business Intelligence and Planning Solutions

    • SaS, Minitab, IBM Cognos: examples of integrated solutions for BA.
    • Features: Reporting, analysis, dashboard, scorecard, planning, budgeting, forecasting.
    • Used by various big companies but are not open-source and expensive.

    ### Open Source Options for BA

    • R: open-source language for statistical computing and graphics

      • Low-level programming language
      • Free
      • Mainly used by academics

      ### Python

    • Python: a high-level programming language known for:

      • Simplicity and clear syntax
      • Readability
      • "Executable" pseudocode
      • Many libraries for model building and statistical operations
      • Used by Google, Quora, Reddit, etc.
      • Open-source and free

    ### Applications for Python

    • Business applications (E-commerce, ERPs, web scraping)
    • Websites
    • Instrument control
    • Audio and video applications

    ### Python Speed

    • Cython: a C/C++ wrapper for Python to increase speed.

    ### Using Python from the Command Line

    • From the terminal, type python3.
    • Use the interpreter by inserting one command at a time and pressing enter.
    • Run a script and redirect the output to a file (example: >>> hello.py > output.txt).

    Running Python Scripts

    • You can run Python scripts from a file manager (e.g., by double-clicking on a .py file).
    • IDE options include:
      • Sublime
      • Visual Studio Code
      • IDLE
      • PyCharm
      • PyDev (Eclipse for Python)

    Using IDLE

    • Features include:
      • Python shell window for an interactive interpreter
      • Auto-completion
      • Syntax highlighting
      • Smart indentation
      • Basic integrated debugger

    ### Using Jupyter

    • Jupyter Notebook: a web application for creating and sharing computational documents.
      • Made up of cells with either text in markdown language or code.
      • Run code by pressing the play button in the toolbar.
    • JupyterLab: the next generation of Jupyter Notebook designed to improve usability and expand its scope.
    • Offers a general framework for interactive computing and data science.
    • COLAB: cloud-based product from Google Research for writing and executing Python code in the browser.

    ### Simulation

    • Tailored languages (SIMAN, …) and visual interactive modeling systems (Arena, Simio, …) are commonly used for simulation.
    • Drag and drop options are available for building models visually.
    • Animations can be used for model validation and demonstration.

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