Earth Science Exogenic and Endogenic Processes
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Questions and Answers

What does the Principle of Original Horizontality state about sedimentary rocks?

  • They are deposited in vertical layers.
  • They are initially deposited in horizontal layers. (correct)
  • They can be deposited at any angle.
  • They are always deposited in circular patterns.

    • How does the Principle of Lateral Continuity describe sediment beds?

  • They are always parallel to each other.
  • They remain isolated from other sediment layers.
  • They only extend vertically.
  • They extend laterally until they thin out or grade into a different sediment type. (correct)

    • In the context of geological features, what does the Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships indicate?

  • The feature that is cutting across is older. (correct)
  • Both features are of the same age.
  • The cross-cutting feature is always a fault.
  • The feature that is cross-cut is younger.

    • What is an angular unconformity characterized by?

    <p>Beds above and below the surface of erosion that are not aligned. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during nonconformity?

    <p>Sedimentary rocks overlay older intrusive igneous rocks or metamorphic rocks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is preserved in coprolites?

    <p>Fossilized feces that provide information about an organism's diet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gastroliths associated with?

    <p>Rocks found in the stomach of certain extinct reptiles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'unconformity' signify in geology?

    <p>A surface of non-deposition or erosion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geological feature is exemplified by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

    <p>An example of a Rift Valley. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Earth's crust?

    <p>To enable the movement of tectonic activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Pangaea' refer to?

    <p>The supercontinent that existed around 200 million years ago (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evidence suggested that continents were once connected, based on fossil species?

    <p>Similar fossil species found on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main reasons the continental drift theory was initially rejected?

    <p>Lack of a convincing mechanism for the drift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does absolute dating help to determine?

    <p>The specific numerical age of a rock (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of superposition states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, which layer is the oldest?

    <p>The bottom layer of sediment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fossils are untouched bones and shells classified as?

    <p>Body fossils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which evidence supports the theory that glaciers once covered regions now separated by oceans?

    <p>Striations and deposits from ancient glaciers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a disconformity?

    <p>Parallel sedimentary rock strata above and below an erosion surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process leads to the formation of sedimentary rocks?

    <p>Sedimentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The distribution of ancient climatic zones, indicated by coal beds found in Antarctica, suggests what about that continent?

    <p>It was once located in a warmer climate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of glacial erosion?

    <p>Glaciers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is characterized by the displacement of rocks along fault lines?

    <p>Faulting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of weathering involves chemical reactions affecting rock composition?

    <p>Chemical Weathering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of convergent boundaries?

    <p>Subduction zones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do plate tectonics explain about the Earth's lithosphere?

    <p>It is divided into several plates that move. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT considered an exogenic process?

    <p>Volcanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do burrowing organisms play in geological processes?

    <p>They enhance sedimentation and weathering. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically results from wind erosion?

    <p>Creation of sand dunes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which boundary type involves plates moving away from each other?

    <p>Divergent Boundaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily drives endogenic processes within the Earth?

    <p>Internal heat generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Endogenic processes

    Geological processes originating from within the Earth's interior and driven by heat.

    Exogenic processes

    Geological processes originating from outside the Earth, involving interactions between Earth's surface and atmosphere.

    Erosion

    The wearing away of Earth's surface by natural forces.

    Sedimentation

    Process of depositing eroded sediments (sand, silt, clay) by agents like wind and water.

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    Weathering

    The breakdown of rocks and minerals by natural forces.

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    Plate Tectonics

    Theory describing the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates.

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    Convergent boundary

    Tectonic plates moving towards each other.

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    Divergent boundary

    Tectonic plates moving apart.

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    Coastal processes

    Actions of waves, tides, and currents along coastlines, shaping landforms like beaches and cliffs

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    Mass wasting

    Downslope movement of rock and soil under gravity.

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    Continental Drift Theory

    The theory that Earth's continents were once joined together in a supercontinent and have since drifted apart.

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    Pangaea

    The name of the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago, encompassing all current continents.

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    Fossil Evidence

    Similar fossils and geological features found on different continents, suggesting past connections.

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    Fit of Continents

    The apparent 'jigsaw' fit of continental coastlines, suggesting past connections.

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    Principle of Superposition

    In undisturbed rock layers, the youngest layers are on top, and the oldest are on the bottom.

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    Relative Dating

    A method to arrange events in chronological order without specifying precise ages.

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    Stratigraphy

    The study of rock layers and their relationships.

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    Disconformity

    Parallel rock layers separated by a surface of erosion; meaning an interruption in deposition.

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    Body Fossils

    Preserved parts of an organism (bones, shells).

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    Faulting

    Displacement of rocks along a fault.

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    Principle of Original Horizontality

    Sedimentary rocks are initially deposited in horizontal layers.

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    Principle of Lateral Continuity

    Beds of sediment extend laterally until they thin out or change.

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    Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

    A geological feature cutting another is younger than the feature it cuts.

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    Angular Unconformity

    Layers above and below an unconformity are not parallel, indicating rock deformation.

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    Sedimentary Rock Formation

    Sedimentary rocks initially form in horizontal layers, are further subject to folding, uplift, and erosion, and can be followed by subsidence and further deposition.

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    Crust

    The Earth's outer layer involved in tectonic activity.

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    Geothermal

    Energy released from Earth's interior, driving endogenic processes.

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    Fossilized Evidence

    Preserved evidence of ancient life.

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    Study Notes

    Earth Science Review

    • Exogenic and Endogenic Processes: These processes describe the origin and forces shaping the Earth.
    • Endogenic Processes: Originate from within the Earth (e.g., plate tectonics, volcanism, earthquakes, mountain building, faulting).
    • Exogenic Processes: Originate from outside the Earth (e.g., erosion, weathering, sedimentation, coastal, karst, and mass wasting processes).
    • Erosion: The wearing away of Earth's surface by natural agents (wind, water, glaciers).
      • Wind Erosion: Transports soil and sediment (sand dunes).
      • Water Erosion: Carves valleys, canyons, and river deltas.
      • Glacial Erosion: Carving and grinding of landforms by glaciers.
    • Weathering: Breakdown of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's surface.
      • Physical Weathering: Mechanical processes like freeze-thaw cycles, root wedging.
      • Chemical Weathering: Chemical reactions like dissolution and oxidation.
      • Biological Weathering: Actions of plants, animals, and microorganisms.
    • Sedimentation: Deposition of sediments (sand, silt, clay) leading to the formation of sedimentary rocks.
      • Coastal Processes: Wave, tide, and current actions shaping coastal features (beaches, cliffs, barrier islands).
      • Karst Processes: Water dissolving rocks (often limestone) creating unique landscapes.
      • Mass Wasting: Downslope movement of rock and soil due to gravity (landslides, rockfalls, debris flows).
    • Plate Tectonics: The Earth's lithosphere (surface layer) is divided into plates that move due to convection currents in the asthenosphere.
      • Convergent Boundaries: Plates move towards each other (subduction zones, mountains, volcanic arcs).
      • Divergent Boundaries: Plates move apart (mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys).
      • Transform Boundaries: Plates slide past each other (faults, earthquakes).
      • GPS Technology: Confirms the Theory of Plate Tectonics.
    • Volcanism: Eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the Earth's surface.
    • Earthquakes: Sudden release of stress and energy along faults.
    • Mountain Building: Uplift and formation of mountain ranges.
    • Faulting: Displacement of rocks along geological faults.
    • Continental Drift Theory: Alfred Wegener's theory proposing that continents once formed a supercontinent (Pangaea) and have drifted apart.
      • Evidence: Fit of continents, fossil evidence, rock and mountain belts, glacial evidence, paleoclimatic evidence.
    • Dating: Methods to determine the age of rocks, fossils, etc.
      • Relative Dating: Determining chronological order (e.g., superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity).
      • Absolute Dating: Determining specific numerical age (e.g., isotopic dating).
    • Unconformities: Surfaces of erosion or non-deposition in rock layers.
      • Angular unconformity: Sedimentary layers deposited at non-parallel orientations.
      • Nonconformity: Sedimentary layers above older igneous or metamorphic rocks.
      • Disconformity: Sedimentary layers parallel above and below the erosion surface.

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    Description

    Explore the crucial concepts of exogenic and endogenic processes in Earth science. This quiz covers essential topics such as erosion, weathering, and the forces shaping our planet. Test your knowledge on how these processes interact and their impact on the Earth's surface.

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