Exogenic Processes and Weathering
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Questions and Answers

What happens in a normal fault?

  • The footwall moves up relative to the hanging wall.
  • Both blocks of rock move horizontally.
  • The fault does not cause any vertical movement.
  • The hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall. (correct)

In which type of fault does the hanging wall move up relative to the footwall?

  • Reverse Fault (correct)
  • Thrust Fault
  • Strike-Slip Fault
  • Normal Fault

What type of stress is primarily responsible for the formation of reverse faults?

  • Tensional Stress
  • Compression Stress (correct)
  • Hydrostatic Stress
  • Shear Stress

Which type of stress occurs when two blocks of rock move away from each other?

<p>Tensional Stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a strike-slip fault?

<p>Horizontal sliding past each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fault is commonly associated with divergent plate boundaries?

<p>Normal Fault (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the stress that leads to the formation of faults?

<p>Slow movement of tectonic plates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fault involves shear stress as a primary factor?

<p>Strike-Slip Fault (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fault results from horizontal shearing forces?

<p>Strike-slip fault (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fault types is primarily associated with compressional forces?

<p>Reverse fault (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological features are commonly formed as a result of compressional forces?

<p>Fold-and-thrust belts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of shearing on rocks?

<p>Twisting and horizontal displacement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Landslides can occur due to shearing under what specific condition?

<p>Strong shear stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about tension in geology is accurate?

<p>It leads to stretching and thinning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does shear stress affect rock deformation?

<p>It acts parallel to the surface of the material. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fault is created primarily by tension forces?

<p>Normal fault (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a joint in geological terms?

<p>A fracture along which no movement has taken place (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a fault in geology?

<p>A fracture along which movement has taken place (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stress is associated with stretching rock?

<p>Tensional stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the behavior of material under high confining stress?

<p>Material remains brittle and fractures easily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during magma assimilation?

<p>Surrounding crustal rocks dissolve and mix with rising magma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the angle between a horizontal plane and an inclined plane?

<p>Dip (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of geological feature is created by tensional forces?

<p>Joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results from magma mixing?

<p>Generation of an intermediate magma composition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fault

A crack or fracture in Earth's crust, formed by the release of accumulated energy, when tectonic plates move.

Fault types

Different types of fault movements include normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults, based on the relative movement of rocks.

Normal Fault

A fault where the block above the fault moves down relative to the block below, often found at divergent plate boundaries.

Reverse Fault

A fault where the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall, due to compressional forces, causing the crust to shorten.

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Stress (geology)

Forces that cause deformation in Earth's rocks, leading to fault formation.

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Plate Tectonics

The movement of large pieces of Earth's crust and upper mantle, driven by forces within the Earth.

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Lithosphere

The rigid outer layer of Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.

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Convection Currents

Circular movements in the Earth's mantle caused by heat from the core, which drive plate movement.

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Brittle Deformation

Rocks break or fracture under stress due to strong chemical bonds and limited atomic movement.

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Ductile Deformation

Rocks bend or flow under stress due to weaker chemical bonds and increased atomic movement.

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Partial Melting

When only a portion of a rock melts due to increasing heat and/or pressure.

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Magma Mixing

When two different magma bodies blend together, creating a new magma with intermediate characteristics.

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Assimilation

When rising magma incorporates surrounding rock material, changing its composition.

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Joint

A fracture in rock where no movement has occurred, often caused by tensional forces.

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Tensional Stress

Stress that pulls rocks apart, causing stretching and thinning.

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Fold-and-Thrust Belts

Regions where strong compression causes rocks to bend or fold instead of fracturing, resulting in a combination of folding and thrusting.

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Shearing (in Geology)

The process by which rocks deform or fail due to shear stress, a force parallel to the surface of a material.

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Shear Stress

The force per unit area acting parallel to the surface of a material, influencing how rocks deform.

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What are some effects of Shearing on rocks?

Shearing can lead to structural changes (new minerals, alteration, lineations), landslides due to gravity, and formation of strike-slip faults.

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Strike-Slip Fault

A fault where rocks slide past each other horizontally with little vertical movement, formed by shearing forces.

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What type of force causes a Strike-Slip Fault?

Horizontal shearing forces, where rocks slide past each other with minimal vertical movement.

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What is Orogeny?

Large-scale mountain-building events often associated with convergent plate boundaries, where one plate is thrust over another.

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What are the effects of compressional forces on rocks?

Compressional forces can cause shortening, thickening, folding, and the formation of reverse faults.

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Study Notes

Exogenic Processes

  • Rocks and minerals experience physical or chemical changes.
  • Weathered materials are transported by agents like water, wind, and glaciers.
  • Includes weathering, erosion, and deposition.

Weathering

  • The disintegration (physical) and decomposition (chemical) of rocks.
  • Breaks down rocks into smaller particles (sand, clay, gravel).
  • Two types: mechanical (physical) and chemical weathering.

Mechanical Weathering

  • Rocks break down without changes in composition.
  • Factors include:
    • Pressure from tectonic forces causing rock uplift.
    • Temperature changes causing expansion and fracturing.
    • Frost wedging: water freezing in cracks expands and breaks rock.
    • Abrasion: rocks collide causing smoothing and rounding.
    • Organic activity: roots growing and expanding in cracks.
    • Human activity: digging, quarrying, and deforestation.
    • Burrowing animals: creating spaces for habitation.

Chemical Weathering

  • Rocks break down through chemical reactions.
  • New minerals form replacing original ones.
  • Examples include:
    • Dissolution: minerals dissolve in water (e.g., halite, calcite).
    • Hydrolysis: rock-forming minerals react with water, forming clay minerals.
    • Oxidation: oxygen reacts with minerals (e.g., iron oxidation forms rust).

The Earth's Internal Heat

  • Primordial heat: heat from Earth's formation by accretion.
  • Radiogenic heat: heat from radioactive decay of elements.
  • Sources of energy: kinetic energy, collisions, and radioactive disintegration.

Magma Formation

  • Magma is partially or fully molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
  • Magmatism is the process of magma formation and movement.
  • Magma forms by partial melting of silicate rocks in the mantle or crust.
  • Factors influencing magma formation:
    • Heat and pressure.
    • Decompression.
    • Addition of volatiles.
    • Temperature increase.
    • Subduction zones.
    • Mantle plumes.

Magma Components

  • Magma is composed of minerals (silicates) in a melt and volatiles.
  • Key elements: silica (Si), oxygen (O), aluminum (Al).

Types of Magma

  • Based on silica content, viscosity, and mineral components.
  • Different types of magma have different properties that affect their eruption, such as basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic magma.

What Happens After Magma Is Formed?

  • Magma is less dense than surrounding rocks, causing it to rise.
  • Magma accumulates in chambers until it reaches the surface.
  • It's expelled as lava.

Rock's Behavior Under Different Types of Stress

  • Stress: forces acting on rock resulting in strain.
  • Strain: changes in size, shape, or volume.
  • Types of stress: compressional, tensional, and shear stress.
  • Types of strain: elastic, ductile, and fracture.
  • Factors affecting deformation: temperature, confining pressure, and strain rate.

Types of Folds

  • Anticline, syncline, monocline, dome, and basin.

Types of Faults

  • Normal fault, reverse fault, and strike-slip fault.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of exogenic processes including weathering, erosion, and deposition. This quiz covers both mechanical and chemical weathering, detailing various factors and processes involved in the breakdown of rocks and minerals. Test your knowledge on how these processes shape our planet's landscape!

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