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Questions and Answers
What happens in a normal fault?
What happens in a normal fault?
In which type of fault does the hanging wall move up relative to the footwall?
In which type of fault does the hanging wall move up relative to the footwall?
What type of stress is primarily responsible for the formation of reverse faults?
What type of stress is primarily responsible for the formation of reverse faults?
Which type of stress occurs when two blocks of rock move away from each other?
Which type of stress occurs when two blocks of rock move away from each other?
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What characterizes a strike-slip fault?
What characterizes a strike-slip fault?
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Which type of fault is commonly associated with divergent plate boundaries?
Which type of fault is commonly associated with divergent plate boundaries?
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What causes the stress that leads to the formation of faults?
What causes the stress that leads to the formation of faults?
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What type of fault involves shear stress as a primary factor?
What type of fault involves shear stress as a primary factor?
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What type of fault results from horizontal shearing forces?
What type of fault results from horizontal shearing forces?
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Which of the following fault types is primarily associated with compressional forces?
Which of the following fault types is primarily associated with compressional forces?
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What geological features are commonly formed as a result of compressional forces?
What geological features are commonly formed as a result of compressional forces?
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What is the primary effect of shearing on rocks?
What is the primary effect of shearing on rocks?
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Landslides can occur due to shearing under what specific condition?
Landslides can occur due to shearing under what specific condition?
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Which of the following statements about tension in geology is accurate?
Which of the following statements about tension in geology is accurate?
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How does shear stress affect rock deformation?
How does shear stress affect rock deformation?
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Which type of fault is created primarily by tension forces?
Which type of fault is created primarily by tension forces?
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What is a joint in geological terms?
What is a joint in geological terms?
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What characterizes a fault in geology?
What characterizes a fault in geology?
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What type of stress is associated with stretching rock?
What type of stress is associated with stretching rock?
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Which of the following correctly describes the behavior of material under high confining stress?
Which of the following correctly describes the behavior of material under high confining stress?
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What occurs during magma assimilation?
What occurs during magma assimilation?
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Which term describes the angle between a horizontal plane and an inclined plane?
Which term describes the angle between a horizontal plane and an inclined plane?
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What type of geological feature is created by tensional forces?
What type of geological feature is created by tensional forces?
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What results from magma mixing?
What results from magma mixing?
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Study Notes
Exogenic Processes
- Rocks and minerals experience physical or chemical changes.
- Weathered materials are transported by agents like water, wind, and glaciers.
- Includes weathering, erosion, and deposition.
Weathering
- The disintegration (physical) and decomposition (chemical) of rocks.
- Breaks down rocks into smaller particles (sand, clay, gravel).
- Two types: mechanical (physical) and chemical weathering.
Mechanical Weathering
- Rocks break down without changes in composition.
- Factors include:
- Pressure from tectonic forces causing rock uplift.
- Temperature changes causing expansion and fracturing.
- Frost wedging: water freezing in cracks expands and breaks rock.
- Abrasion: rocks collide causing smoothing and rounding.
- Organic activity: roots growing and expanding in cracks.
- Human activity: digging, quarrying, and deforestation.
- Burrowing animals: creating spaces for habitation.
Chemical Weathering
- Rocks break down through chemical reactions.
- New minerals form replacing original ones.
- Examples include:
- Dissolution: minerals dissolve in water (e.g., halite, calcite).
- Hydrolysis: rock-forming minerals react with water, forming clay minerals.
- Oxidation: oxygen reacts with minerals (e.g., iron oxidation forms rust).
The Earth's Internal Heat
- Primordial heat: heat from Earth's formation by accretion.
- Radiogenic heat: heat from radioactive decay of elements.
- Sources of energy: kinetic energy, collisions, and radioactive disintegration.
Magma Formation
- Magma is partially or fully molten rock beneath Earth's surface.
- Magmatism is the process of magma formation and movement.
- Magma forms by partial melting of silicate rocks in the mantle or crust.
- Factors influencing magma formation:
- Heat and pressure.
- Decompression.
- Addition of volatiles.
- Temperature increase.
- Subduction zones.
- Mantle plumes.
Magma Components
- Magma is composed of minerals (silicates) in a melt and volatiles.
- Key elements: silica (Si), oxygen (O), aluminum (Al).
Types of Magma
- Based on silica content, viscosity, and mineral components.
- Different types of magma have different properties that affect their eruption, such as basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic magma.
What Happens After Magma Is Formed?
- Magma is less dense than surrounding rocks, causing it to rise.
- Magma accumulates in chambers until it reaches the surface.
- It's expelled as lava.
Rock's Behavior Under Different Types of Stress
- Stress: forces acting on rock resulting in strain.
- Strain: changes in size, shape, or volume.
- Types of stress: compressional, tensional, and shear stress.
- Types of strain: elastic, ductile, and fracture.
- Factors affecting deformation: temperature, confining pressure, and strain rate.
Types of Folds
- Anticline, syncline, monocline, dome, and basin.
Types of Faults
- Normal fault, reverse fault, and strike-slip fault.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of exogenic processes including weathering, erosion, and deposition. This quiz covers both mechanical and chemical weathering, detailing various factors and processes involved in the breakdown of rocks and minerals. Test your knowledge on how these processes shape our planet's landscape!
