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Questions and Answers
What does the Jerome Model primarily emphasize in translation?
What does the Jerome Model primarily emphasize in translation?
Which type of translation is described as 'transformation across different modes of communication'?
Which type of translation is described as 'transformation across different modes of communication'?
What does Nida's Formal Equivalence focus on in translation?
What does Nida's Formal Equivalence focus on in translation?
In the Horace Model, what is the primary role of translators?
In the Horace Model, what is the primary role of translators?
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What type of translation did John Dryden prefer?
What type of translation did John Dryden prefer?
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Which concept suggests that cultures share underlying structures that influence text organization for translation?
Which concept suggests that cultures share underlying structures that influence text organization for translation?
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Which of the following is not one of the principles outlined by Étienne Dolét?
Which of the following is not one of the principles outlined by Étienne Dolét?
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How did Roman Jakobson classify translation types?
How did Roman Jakobson classify translation types?
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What is the main focus of Alexander Fraser Tytler's translation principles?
What is the main focus of Alexander Fraser Tytler's translation principles?
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What aspect of translation is enhanced by the interdisciplinary nature of Translation Studies?
What aspect of translation is enhanced by the interdisciplinary nature of Translation Studies?
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Which of the following describes Yan Fu's principle of 'Fluency'?
Which of the following describes Yan Fu's principle of 'Fluency'?
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What influential theory is associated with Eugene Nida in translation studies?
What influential theory is associated with Eugene Nida in translation studies?
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What is the primary characteristic of 'Metaphrase' as defined by John Dryden?
What is the primary characteristic of 'Metaphrase' as defined by John Dryden?
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How did Dryden view 'Imitation' in translation?
How did Dryden view 'Imitation' in translation?
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Which of the following best describes the translation strategies before the 1700s?
Which of the following best describes the translation strategies before the 1700s?
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What criticism was later directed toward Yan Fu's principles?
What criticism was later directed toward Yan Fu's principles?
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What is a key contribution of Friedrich Schleiermacher to translation theory?
What is a key contribution of Friedrich Schleiermacher to translation theory?
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What does the concept of 'trust' in translation imply?
What does the concept of 'trust' in translation imply?
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How did the role of translation evolve post-1800s?
How did the role of translation evolve post-1800s?
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What term is used to describe the traditional view of translation as simply moving content?
What term is used to describe the traditional view of translation as simply moving content?
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In translation theorizing, which of the following is NOT a core terminology?
In translation theorizing, which of the following is NOT a core terminology?
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What was a significant ideological shift in translation during the 1700s?
What was a significant ideological shift in translation during the 1700s?
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Which of the following statements about translators is false?
Which of the following statements about translators is false?
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In translation, what does the term 'equivalents' refer to?
In translation, what does the term 'equivalents' refer to?
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What does Nida emphasize as crucial for a successful translation?
What does Nida emphasize as crucial for a successful translation?
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What is Newmark's view on the concept of 'equivalent effect'?
What is Newmark's view on the concept of 'equivalent effect'?
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Which type of translation does Newmark closely align with Nida's dynamic equivalence?
Which type of translation does Newmark closely align with Nida's dynamic equivalence?
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What is the primary focus of Semantic Translation according to Newmark?
What is the primary focus of Semantic Translation according to Newmark?
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When should communicative translation be prioritized over literal translation?
When should communicative translation be prioritized over literal translation?
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What does Newmark advocate for when maintaining equivalent effect is possible?
What does Newmark advocate for when maintaining equivalent effect is possible?
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How does Newmark's pragmatic view on translation methods differ from Nida's?
How does Newmark's pragmatic view on translation methods differ from Nida's?
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What is an example of a better translation for the German sign 'bissiger Hund'?
What is an example of a better translation for the German sign 'bissiger Hund'?
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What was the primary goal of the Translation Bureau in the early years of the Turkish Republic?
What was the primary goal of the Translation Bureau in the early years of the Turkish Republic?
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Which scholar viewed the Translation Bureau as an invaluable resource for Turkish youth?
Which scholar viewed the Translation Bureau as an invaluable resource for Turkish youth?
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What literary shift did Nurullah Ataç advocate during his time?
What literary shift did Nurullah Ataç advocate during his time?
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What significant reform in 1928 influenced the Turkish language's development?
What significant reform in 1928 influenced the Turkish language's development?
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During which period did dragomans facilitate communication among diverse groups in Anatolia?
During which period did dragomans facilitate communication among diverse groups in Anatolia?
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What was a primary outcome of the Tanzimat Era in relation to translation?
What was a primary outcome of the Tanzimat Era in relation to translation?
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Which of the following thinkers warned that Turkey's Islamic past had hindered creativity?
Which of the following thinkers warned that Turkey's Islamic past had hindered creativity?
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What theme characterized the translations during the Ottoman Period under Mehmed II?
What theme characterized the translations during the Ottoman Period under Mehmed II?
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Study Notes
Early Translation Theories
- Pre-1700s poetry translation: Focused on creativity and free translations, prioritizing novelty over strict adherence to the original text.
- John Dryden (1631-1700): Outlined three types of translation: metaphrase (literal), paraphrase (sense-for-sense), and imitation (loose adaptation). Dryden favored paraphrase as the most respectful to the original author's intent.
- Étienne Dolet (1509-1546): Outlined five translation principles focused on understanding the author's meaning, mastering source and target languages, avoiding literal translation, and ensuring fluency.
- Alexander Fraser Tytler (1747-1813): Emphasized making translations accessible to target readers, outlining three main rules: transmitting all ideas, matching the original's style, and ensuring a natural read.
- Yan Fu (1854-1921): Influenced by Tytler, he outlined three principles for translation: fidelity, fluency, and elegance.
- Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834): Focused on understanding and interpreting texts within their cultural context, emphasizing the importance of understanding the original's intent accurately.
History of Translation in the West (Lefevere)
- Septuagint: The first major translation of the Hebrew Old Testament into Greek demonstrates key elements of translation history: expertise, commissioning, trust, and image.
- Pre-1800s: Translation, especially of literature, was often seen as a cultural appropriation or a pedagogical exercise.
- Post-1800s: With diverse audiences, various translation approaches emerged, prioritizing accessibility.
- Trust & Ideological Shift: The rise of publishers in the 1700s prioritized profit, and later, philologists aimed for scholarly translations for experts, creating a more specialized field.
Translation Theorizing (Anthony Pym)
- Translators constantly make theoretical decisions, choosing between literal terms, explanations, footnotes, or cultural equivalents.
- Binary View in Translation: Traditional views see translation as moving content between cultures or languages, but translation can be seen as an act of updating and reinterpreting over time.
- Translation Theories: Provide solutions for difficult translation problems, offer questions and answers for improvement, and help translators defend their choices.
Translation Models (Bassnett & Lefevere)
- Jerome Model: Stresses faithfulness through literal translation, evolving from strict word matching to strategic choices based on context.
- Horace Model: Emphasizes negotiation rather than strict faithfulness to meet the needs of both clients and languages.
- Privileged Language: Translations tend to favor the dominant language (historically Latin, now often English).
- Textual Grid Concept: Cultures may share underlying structures that shape how texts are structured, influencing translation strategy across languages and time periods.
Discussion Points (Lefevere)
- Interdisciplinary Field: Translation studies emerged in the 1980s, blending linguistics, history, psychology, and other fields.
- Translators as Rewriters: Translators shape how literary works are received by the public, influencing their cultural impact.
Roman Jakobson's Contributions
- Explored linguistic and semiotic factors emphasizing message equivalence across languages.
- Identified three types of translation: Intralingual (rewording within the same language), Interlingual (translation between languages), and Intersemiotic (transformation across modes of communication).
- Jakobson believed that while all messages could be translated, poetry's unique form and sense often require creative reimagining.
Eugene Nida's Approach
- Influenced by Chomsky's generative-transformational grammar, focusing on the relation between a sentence's deep (intended meaning) and surface structures (literal expression).
- Introduced two types of equivalence: formal equivalence (focusing on accuracy and matching source form and content) and dynamic equivalence (aiming for equivalent impact on the target audience, matching the response intended in the original).
- Nida's concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence moved translation theory beyond literal translation, emphasizing the reader's experience.
Peter Newmark's Perspective on Translation
- Challenged Nida's receptor-oriented approach, arguing that equivalent effect is an “illusory” concept due to cultural context.
- Introduced two main types of translation: communicative translation (seeking similar effect on the target audience) and semantic translation (capturing the exact meaning – akin to Nida's formal equivalence).
- Favored literal translation wherever possible, believing it is often the most practical and valid method if equivalent effect is maintained.
- When literal or semantic translation leads to an awkward or confusing result in the target text (TT), communicative translation should be prioritized.
Translation Bureau (Tercüme Bürosu) and the Turkish Renaissance
- Founded during the early years of the Turkish Republic, it played a pivotal role in Turkey's Westernization process by promoting humanism inspired by the Renaissance.
- Its translation of Western classics aimed to foster a "Turkish Renaissance," creating a "humanist spirit" and "social enlightenment" within Turkish society.
- Vedat Günyol and Azra Erhat viewed the Bureau as central to cultural awakening and enlightenment.
Nurullah Ataç (1898-1957)
- Saw his era as an "age of translation" marked by a shift in Turkish identity and language away from Perso-Arabic influences toward the Western classical languages, facilitated in part by the 1928 Alphabet Reform.
- Believed that understanding Western texts required transforming the Turkish language, arguing that Turkey's Islamic past had stifled creativity, and that a shift toward Western models was necessary for modernization.
Historical Developments in Translation
- Seljuk and Ottoman Periods: Persian was the dominant language, with translators (dragomans) facilitating communication among diverse ethnic and religious groups in Anatolia. Translation expanded into scientific and literary fields, integrating Persian and Arabic works to enhance knowledge in areas like mathematics, geography, medicine, and art.
- Tanzimat Era (1839-1876): Influenced by European powers, a shift occurred from Eastern to Western influences, with translations of European literary and philosophical works bringing new themes and ideas into Turkish literature and thought.
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Description
Explore the evolution of translation theories predating 1700. This quiz covers the perspectives of influential thinkers such as John Dryden, Étienne Dolet, and Alexander Fraser Tytler on translation methods and principles. Test your knowledge on the key philosophical approaches to translation from various eras.
