Translation Theories Throughout History

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Questions and Answers

What term was first used to refer to the female translators?

  • Translationist
  • Traductora
  • Translista
  • Traductrice (correct)

What is highlighted as a major approach to translation by the female translator of the Iliad?

  • Word-for-word fidelity
  • Strict literalism
  • Paraphrasing
  • Sense-for-sense fidelity (correct)

Which of the following stories was NOT introduced by Antoine Galland?

  • The story of Aladdin
  • The Forty Thieves
  • The adventure of Caliph Harun al-Rashid
  • The Tale of the Frog Prince (correct)

How is Galland's version of 'One Thousand and One Nights' described?

<p>The least faithful but most widely read (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Borges suggest about the significance of Galland's translation?

<p>It prompted the start of Romanticism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Galland's translation considered poor by some critics?

<p>It was the least faithful and most poorly written. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is mentioned to have had a significant influence on Galland's translations?

<p>A Maronite consultant named Hanna (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes servile translation from noble translation according to the female translator?

<p>Literal vs. interpretative methods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Alexander Pope believe about translations in relation to their originals?

<p>No translation can equal the original, which is written in a superior language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Jean d’Alembert’s perspective on translating foreign texts?

<p>Translations should embody the essence of the original while incorporating the flavors of the receiving language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Dr. Wei view Galland's handling of translations?

<p>Galland's approach frequently created misleading images due to language shifts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the twelve volumes published from 1707 to 1717 primarily represent?

<p>They acted as cultural novelties that captivated audiences across languages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue does Borges highlight about the perception of The Thousand and One Nights in modern times?

<p>Modern shifts in language distort the perception of its original flavor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of translators as indicated in the text?

<p>Translators are becoming more visible, though they are not always positively perceived. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of translation studies, why is literalism sometimes justified according to Pope?

<p>It allows for a closer representation of the text’s original meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible risk associated with d’Alembert's approach to translations?

<p>It could result in translations that are seen as clumsy or false. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of literature has seen an increase in translation over time in both French and English-speaking regions?

<p>Primarily contemporary literature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of translations do the writings of Montesquieu touch upon?

<p>The role of translators in shaping cultural narratives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Care este o caracteristică a traducerii lui Antoine Galland pentru 'O mie și una de nopți'?

<p>A introdus povești necunoscute în versiunea originală. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Care este opinia lui Borges despre traducerea lui Galland?

<p>A marcat începutul romantismului prin prima sa lectură. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ce tip de traducere subliniază traducătoarea Iliadei?

<p>Traducerea nobilă care urmărește sensul textului. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ce obiecție este adusă traducerii lui Galland?

<p>Stilul său este lipsit de îngrijire. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Care este motivul pentru care traducerea lui Galland a avut succes internațional?

<p>A fost tradusă în multe alte limbi. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ce fel de povești a introdus Galland în traducerea sa?

<p>Povești fictive despre aventuri fantastice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Care este diferența principală dintre traducerea servilă și cea nobilă?

<p>Traducerea nobilă se concentrează pe exprimarea artistică. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

De ce a fost importantă traductoarea Iliadei pentru epoca sa?

<p>A fost prima care a dedicat lucrări traducerii literaturii. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ce caracteristică a traducerilor lui Galland este întărită de critica lui Dr. Wei?

<p>Lipsa unei imagini clare a conținutului (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Care este opinia lui Alexander Pope despre parafrază în traduceri?

<p>Este întotdeauna de evitat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ce abordare propune Jean d’Alembert pentru traduceri?

<p>O adaptare liberă la contextul cultural (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ce formulare folosește Borges pentru a descrie cititorii secolului XX față de operele lui Galland?

<p>Lectori anacronici care văd doar superficialitățile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ce riscuri se menționează în abordarea lui d’Alembert privind traducerile?

<p>Neconcordanțe cu limba nativă (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cum își justifică Pope literalismul în traduceri?

<p>Este o metodă de a evita ambiguitatea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cine este recunoscut ca fiind cel mai mare traducător al lui Homer din acea vreme?

<p>Alexander Pope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ce se sugerează despre traducerea literaturilor contemporane în Franța?

<p>Se traduce în principal din limba engleză (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

În contextul traducerilor, ce se consideră că trebuie păstrat din poezie?

<p>Flama și intenția efectului poetic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ce tip de limbă diferențiază Pope între culturi în ceea ce privește traducerile?

<p>Limbi literare și limbi vernaculare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nobility in translation

A type of translation where the translator aims to capture the meaning of the original text while adapting the language and style to the target audience.

Servile translation

A translation that focuses on a word-for-word rendering of the source text, often sacrificing naturalness and flow in the target language.

Completing a translation

The process of making changes to the original text during translation, often to adapt the content to the target audience or to improve readability.

Fidelity in translation

A translation that aims to faithfully reproduce the original text, striving to maintain the nuances and intricacies of the source language.

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Successful translation

The idea that a translation can be successful even if it doesn't adhere to a strictly literal approach, as long as it captures the essence and spirit of the original text.

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Expanding on a translation

The practice of incorporating additional stories or elements into a translation that were not present in the original text.

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Influence of a translation

The impact a translation can have on the reception and understanding of a work in a new cultural context.

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Translation

The act of translating a work into a different language, especially one that aims to preserve fidelity to the original text.

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Literalism in Translation

The tendency to translate a text too directly, word-for-word, without considering the natural flow and idioms of the target language.

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Adaptation in Translation

A translation approach that prioritizes adapting the original text to the target language and audience, making it more accessible and culturally relevant, while still respecting the original meaning.

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Preserving the 'Flama' (Effect, Intention) in Translation

The translator's ability to convey the original text's emotional and stylistic impact while translating it into a different language.

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Translation Preference for 'Major' Languages

The tendency to translate texts from certain languages, often considered 'major' languages, more frequently than texts from other, sometimes considered 'minor' languages.

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Avoiding Paraphrase in Translation

A translation method that avoids using paraphrases, aiming to convey the original meaning as directly as possible while maintaining a natural flow in the target language.

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The 'Foreignness' of a Translation

The translation process of making the foreign text appear natural in the target language, like a native speaker would express it, while still preserving the original meaning and flavour.

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Translation Inadequacy

The idea that a translation can never be entirely equal to the original text, as there are always nuances and cultural differences that cannot be perfectly replicated.

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Visible Translators in Translation

A translation approach that acknowledges the importance of the translator's presence and voice in the translation process, potentially leading to greater visibility for translators.

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Trend of Translating Contemporary Literature

The growing trend of translating contemporary literature from various languages, rather than focusing solely on classic texts.

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Fidelitatea în traducere

Traducătoarea a subliniat importanța fidelității în traducerea ei a Iliadei, dar a atenuat și vulgaritățile, demonstrând că fidelitatea nu trebuie să fie strict literală.

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O femeie traducătoare

Traducerea Iliadei de către „traductrice” (traducătoare) a fost o premieră, marcând începutul folosirii acestui termen în limba franceză.

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Traducere servilă

Traducerea servilă se concentrează pe traducerea cuvânt cu cuvânt, fără a lua în considerare contextul și specificul limbii țintă.

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Traducere nobilă

Traducerea nobilă caută să transmită sensul original, chiar dacă asta înseamnă a adapta limbajul și stilul

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Influența traducerii lui Galland

Traducerea lui Galland a lui "O mie și una de nopți" a fost atât de influentă, încât a inspirat multe alte traduceri și a fost creditată pentru apariția romantismului.

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Completarea traducerii

Galland a adăugat povești noi în traducerea sa, ca „Aladdin” și „Cei patruzeci de hoți”, care au devenit ulterior parte integrantă a cărții.

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Romantismul și traducerea

Borges a afirmat ca romantismul a început cu citirea traducerii lui Galland a lui "O mie și una de nopți".

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Colaborarea în traducere

Galland a folosit „Hanna”, un consultant maronit, pentru a completa traducerea sa, demonstrând importanța colaborării în procesul de traducere.

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Traducerea literală

O traducere literală care se concentrează pe traducerea cuvânt cu cuvânt a textului sursă, uneori sacrificând naturalețea și cursivitatea limbii țintă.

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Inadecuarea traducerii

Ideea că o traducere nu poate fi niciodată perfect egală cu textul original, deoarece există întotdeauna nuanțe și diferențe culturale care nu pot fi perfect reproduse.

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Superioritatea originalului

Aceasta este o opinie pe care traducătorul Alexander Pope o susține în prefața sa la Iliada referitor la traducere.El susține că originalul (scris într-o limbă majoră) este superior traducerii (scrisă într-o limbă minoră, vernaculară).

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Păstrarea intenției poetice

Un traducător care știe că trebuie să păstreze 'flama' ('efectul, intenția') poeziei originale.

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Traducerea de succes

Ideea că o traducere poate fi considerată de succeschiar dacă nu se adoptă o abordare strict literală, atâta timp cât captează esența și spiritul textului original.

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Gustul străin

Ideea că traducătorii ar trebui să adauge un 'gust străin'

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Adaptarea în traducere

O traducere care se concentrează pe adaptarea textului original la limba și publicul țintă, făcându-l mai accesibil și relevant din punct de vedere cultural, respectând în același timp sensul original.

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Traducătorii vizibili

O traducere care recunoaște importanța prezenței și a vocii traducătorului în procesul de traducere, conducând potențial la o mai mare vizibilitate pentru traducători.

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Tendința de traducere a literaturii contemporane

Tendința crescândă de a traduce literatura contemporană din diverse limbi, în loc de a se concentra doar pe texte clasice.

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Study Notes

Translation Theories Throughout History

  • Early Translations (Pre-18th Century): Early translators prioritized faithfulness, adapting text for new audiences. They distinguished between literal and sense-based translations and minimized vulgarity. One example is a translator of the Iliad, who recognized the need to adapt the text for a new audience.

  • Antoine Galland (1646-1715): His translation and additions to One Thousand and One Nights were hugely influential, shaping later interpretations; Borges credited his translation with initiating Romanticism. While deemed less faithful, Galland's version was highly popular in its own time. This translation, credited for spreading the narrative and preserving central stories, presented an 18th-century perspective over the Orient's. His translation is considered the most widely read, despite being the least faithful and poorly written; it brought astonishment and happiness to those familiar with it.

  • Jorge Luis Borges (regarding Galland): Borges emphasized Galland's translation's importance in spreading One Thousand and One Nights but noted that it predominantly reflected 18th-century viewpoints. Galland's version included stories not found in the original.

  • Alexander Pope (1688-1744): A major Homer translator, Pope stressed the inherent limitations of translation, emphasizing capturing the essence of the poem's effect, rather than pursuing word-for-word equivalents. His 1715 preface is a significant early work of translation criticism. He argued that no translation could equal the original, para phrasing should be avoided, literalism was sometimes necessary for obscure texts, and the translator should focus on preserving the inherent "flair" (intent) of the work.

Evolution of Translation Practice

  • Jean le Rond D'Alembert (1717-1783): A key figure in the Enlightenment and co-editor of the Encyclopedia, D'Alembert advocated for translation as adaptation. Translators should borrow stylistic elements from the original language to enhance the translation's fluency and style. The aim was to incorporate characteristics of the source language into the new translation. D'Alembert suggested modeling the translation's style on existing examples of foreign speakers of the target language.

  • Shifting Focus: The translation of contemporary literature instead of just classical works gained prominence, particularly in French and English contexts, notably for English.

  • Growing Visibility of Translators: Translators gained increased recognition, but their work wasn't always viewed positively, as noted in specific literary examples.

  • Early Female Translator: A female translator of the Iliad is discussed, noted for highlighting faithfulness in her translation - distinguishing between literal and sense-based approaches and mitigating vulgar language.

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