Early Social Skills in Infants Lecture
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main stages of early social skills outlined in the lecture?

  • Direct and Averted Gaze
  • Dyadic and Triadic Interactions
  • Primary and Secondary Intersubjectivity (correct)
  • Vocalisation and Imitation

    • Which mode of communication is NOT emphasized as important for language acquisition?

  • Verbal Communication (correct)
  • Turn-Taking
  • Facial Mimicry
  • Joint Attention

    • What characterizes primary intersubjectivity in infants?

  • Understanding others' intentions
  • Sophisticated shared attention
  • Pointing and turn-taking
  • Attention to faces and eye contact (correct)

    • What is a key feature of secondary intersubjectivity in older infants?

    <p>Engagement in pointing and shared attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the motivation for early socialisation in infants?

    <p>It is based on dyadic mimicry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do newborns demonstrate their preference for faces?

    <p>By looking longer at face-like stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for 6-month-old infants to follow gaze to an object?

    <p>Mutual eye gaze with the caregiver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of infant development is indicated by the ability to imitate facial expressions?

    <p>Dyadic interactions with caregivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At around what age do infants begin to exhibit more sophisticated social skills such as pointing and turn-taking?

    <p>9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what developmental stage do infants start to engage in turn-taking?

    <p>During secondary intersubjectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Still Face Experiment, what is the main effect observed when a parent stops responding?

    <p>Breakdown of the interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social referencing in the context of the Visual Cliff experiment?

    <p>Infants seeking emotional cues from parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does secondary intersubjectivity involve in caregiver-infant interactions?

    <p>Coordinating emotional responses with another person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is observed during the Still Face Experiment?

    <p>Parents attempt to repair the interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants typically respond during the Visual Cliff experiment?

    <p>By looking to the parent for guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes the shift in focus where caregiver and infant share experiences together?

    <p>Triadic interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of primary and secondary intersubjectivity in infant communication?

    <p>They signify the beginnings of intentional communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is indicative of joint attention in infants?

    <p>Switching gaze between an adult and an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants begin to demonstrate turn-taking skills with caregivers?

    <p>Around 3 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does social referencing play in infant development?

    <p>It allows infants to assess emotional responses in new situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of 'proto-conversations' in infants?

    <p>Alternating vocalizations without overlaps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of infants demonstrating persistence if they are not understood?

    <p>It shows the beginning of intentional communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of communication typically transitions from primary to secondary intersubjectivity?

    <p>The use of pointing and eye contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a triadic interaction in the context of joint attention?

    <p>Interaction between the child, an adult, and an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main stages of social development in infants?

    <p>Primary Intersubjectivity and Secondary Intersubjectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a key communication skill in infant social development?

    <p>Nonverbal Cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do infants begin to comprehend the communicative intentions behind gestures in a game?

    <p>1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difficulty in making claims about intentions and thoughts in infants?

    <p>Infants may be following movements or seeking attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the evidence of infants' understanding of thoughts and intentions?

    <p>There is some evidence, but it is subject to challenge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are skills such as joint attention considered important precursors for language acquisition?

    <p>They help infants to understand communicative intent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of social development involves the ability to share attention with others?

    <p>Joint Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do infants typically begin to show signs of understanding that others have thoughts and intentions?

    <p>Around 9-12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Meltzoff and Moore (1977) demonstrate regarding neonates?

    <p>Neonates imitate facial and manual gestures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental change occurs around 12 and 18 months of age, according to Tomasello and other studies?

    <p>Increased ability to follow gaze behind barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of infant interactions, what does 'vocalizing in alternation' refer to?

    <p>Taking turns vocalizing between mother and infant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does maternal emotional signaling play in child development according to Sorce et al. (1985)?

    <p>It affects the visual cliff behavior of 1-year-olds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the studies conducted by Moore and Corkum (1998)?

    <p>The effects of gaze following based on eye direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the findings by Tamis-LeMonda et al. (2018), what activity is associated with routine language directed to infants?

    <p>Home activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon is highlighted in the study by Senju and Csibra (2008) concerning infants?

    <p>Gaze following based on communicative signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the research by Tomasello and Farrar (1986) suggest about joint attention?

    <p>It plays a crucial role in early language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Kuhl's 2004 review on early language acquisition?

    <p>The development of language-specific sounds in early infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research paper discusses how highly salient words assist infants in speech-stream segmentation?

    <p>Bortfeld et al. (2005)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon is highlighted in Kuhl et al. (2006) regarding infants between 6 and 12 months?

    <p>Facilitation of native language phonetic perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topics is suggested for supplementary reading related to speech perception in infants?

    <p>Statistical learning mechanisms in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Jusczyk & Aslin's (1995) study, what is examined regarding infants and speech?

    <p>Their recognition of word patterns in fluent speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language development is explored through the work of Ambridge & Lieven?

    <p>Speech processing and perception in infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the findings of Saffran et al. (1996) suggest about infants at 8 months?

    <p>They demonstrate statistical learning abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common theme is suggested among the research papers listed for supplementary reading?

    <p>Mechanisms of language acquisition in various contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lecture 2: Early Social Skills and Language/Communication Development

    • PSYC21021: Topics and Issues in Developmental Psychology
    • Dr. Alissa Ferry

    Lecture 2 Aims

    • Outline pre-linguistic communication skills
    • Understand primary and secondary intersubjectivity
    • Provide evidence of how these skills develop in infancy
    • Evaluate the importance of these skills in relation to language acquisition

    Lecture 2 Outline

    • Two main stages of early social skills: primary and secondary intersubjectivity
    • Two key modes of communication important for language acquisition: turn-taking and joint attention

    Early Socialisation (1)

    • Pre-linguistic communication is more than just crying

    Early Socialisation (2)

    • Primary Intersubjectivity (Trevarthen, 1979):
      • First months: Infants focus on faces, eye contact, and imitate sounds and gestures.
      • Interactions are one-to-one (dyadic), caregiver-baby.
    • Secondary Intersubjectivity (Trevarthen, 1979):
      • Older infants: More sophisticated, exhibiting pointing, turn-taking, and shared attention.
      • Interactions are triadic, including an object (or another person), with interactions becoming intentional.

    Early Socialisation Example (1 and 2)

    • Video examples provided

    Early Socialisation: Primary Intersubjectivity

    • First months: attention to faces, eye contact, vocalizations, imitations of sounds and facial gestures.
    • Interactions dyadic: baby-caregiver.
    • No assumption of other's perspective.
    • Not intentional.

    Motivation – dyadic mimicry

    • Infants imitate (Kuhl & Meltzoff, 1996; Meltzoff & Moore, 1977).
    • Newborns mimic facial expressions.
    • 3-4 month-olds imitate sounds.
    • Limited form of imitation, without understanding others intentions.
    • Shows infants motivated to engage with others.

    Preference for Faces

    • From birth, infants prefer to look at face-like things (Goren et al., 1975).

    Early Socialisation: Attention to faces and eye gaze

    • Newborns prefer to look at direct gaze.

    Early Socialisation: Attention to faces and eye gaze

    • Infants only follow gaze if preceded by mutual eye gaze
    • Communicative signal (eye gaze/IDS) encourages infants attend to the same object.

    Early Socialisation: Secondary Intersubjectivity

    • Older infants (around 9 months):
      • More sophisticated: pointing, turn-taking, joint attention
      • Interactions are triadic: baby-caregiver-object.
      • Social referencing.
      • Infants will assume the perspective of others.

    Secondary Intersubjectivity (2)

    • Coordinate emotional response with another.
    • Still face experiment (Adamson & Frick, 2003).
      • Parent "freezes", stops responding, interaction breaks down.
    • Attempts to repair the interaction with social engagement cues.

    Secondary Intersubjectivity (3 and 4)

    • Social referencing (Sorce et al, 1985).
    • Visual cliff demonstration (depth perception)
    • Infants respond emotionally (to the parent) about an object perceived at a distance.
    • Shared attention (situation, information transfer).

    Secondary Intersubjectivity (5)

    • Beginnings of intentional communication.
    • Use eye contact/pointing to direct attention.
    • Use of vocalization to indicate specific goals
    • Demonstrates awaiting a response and persistence if not understood.

    Lecture 2 Outline (second time)

    • Two main stages of early social skills (primary and secondary intersubjectivity)
    • Two key modes of communication important for language acquisition (turn-taking and joint attention)

    Modes of Communication

    • Turn-taking
    • Joint attention
    • Sharing a focus of attention
    • Following attention
    • Directing attention

    Turn-Taking (1)

    • Young infants (3 months) alternate vocalizations with caregivers (Stern et al. 1975).
    • By 12 months, very few overlaps between speakers (Schaffer et al. 1977).
    • Proto-conversations (Bruner, 1975) – similarities between turn-taking in early vocalizations and later conversation.

    Turn-Taking: Protoconversations Video

    • Video of infants demonstrated

    Do infants really have sophisticated turn-taking skills?

    • Interruptions suggest not until 3rd year (Rutter & Durkin, 1987)
    • Early stages caregiver supports smooth interaction.
    • Difficult to establish exactly when mutually intentional.

    Joint Attention (1)

    • Initial interactions: child-adult/or child-object.

    Joint Attention (2)

    • Joint attention: triadic (involving child, adult, and object/event) interaction. Shared awareness of the shared attention.

    Joint Attention: Supplementary Video

    • Video of joint attention demonstrated

    Joint Attention (3)

    • Joint attention: triadic interaction involving child, adult and object/event.
    • Sharing attention
    • Following attention
    • Directing attention

    Joint Attention: Sharing Attention (1)

    • Social referencing (Sorce et al., 1985).
    • Visual Cliff
    • By 9 months, children look to adult in unfamiliar/threatening situations to gauge emotional response.

    Joint Attention: Sharing Attention (2)

    • At 9 months, child and adult interact over an object (Carpenter et al., 1997).
    • Caregivers talk about the object of joint attention (West & Iverson 2017)

    Joint Attention: Sharing Attention (3,4,5,6)

    • Demonstrates video/verbal examples of joint attention.
    • Joint attention skills predict later language skills (Tomasello & Farrar, 1986).
    • Children better learn names for objects when they are attending to the object when it is named (Pereira, Smith & Yu, 2014)
    • Routines (Bruner, 1983)
    • Much of early language is learned in routines
    • Caregivers structure routines around child
    • Routines create a shared context
    • Highly repetitive routines
    • Routines differ in types of words used (Tamis-LeMonda et al., 2018)

    Joint Attention: Sharing Attention (6)

    • Mothers constantly monitor child's line of regard during 1st year
    • Mothers attempt to regain child's attention if it shifts from desired object
    • Mother solely responsible for establishing shared topic and relevant language
    • Mothers' sensitivity to child's focus of attention related to child's vocabulary development
    • Twins show language delay (linked to amount of time spent in joint attention episodes with mother (Tomasello et al., 1986)

    Getting into joint attention

    • Following Attention
    • Following points, eye gaze
    • Direction Attention
    • Imperative, declarative pointing

    Joint attention: Following points

    • 9 months: infants can follow point in front of another person
    • 12 months: infants check back with pointer
    • 14 months: infants follow point across a line of sight

    Joint attention: Following gaze following (1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

    • Gaze following
    • Infants turn to follow adult's gaze and share object of attention with another
    • Why? Infants understand that person's gaze is directed to something interesting
    • Infants don't track the gaze specifically till 18 month olds
    • 12-month-olds follow head turns, even if the person is blindfolded
    • 14-month-olds will only follow when eyes are visible;
    • Infants follow gaze behind barriers.
    • Motives for infant gaze following are tricky to determine
    • Conflicting evidence about when children follow due to understanding that looker sees interesting things (18 months, but some evidence in infants as young as 12 months)

    Understanding communicative intentions (1 and 2)

    • Can children understand that adults intend to communicate information to them?
    • 14, 18, and 24 month olds follow helper's point, understand shared goal (finding toy).
    • Infants follow both point and gaze direction to retrieve objects.

    Understanding communicative intentions (3)

    • Infants do not follow non-communicative points and gaze directions.

    Joint attention: Directing attention (1)

    • Pointing
      • Imperative - To get adult to do something
      • Declarative - To direct adult attention to something
      • By 9 months, child points to an object - By 18 months, checks mother's regard before pointing to an object.

    Joint attention: Directing attention, Criticisms

    • Imperative pointing: infant learns that if she points she gets what she wants (Camaioni 1993)
    • Declarative pointing: infant learns that getting more attention by pointing at things (Moore & D'Entremont. 2001).
    • BUT 12-month-olds indicate when adult finds the wrong object.
    • Respond negatively when attention is directed to the infant, but not the object.

    Conclusions

    • Two main stages of social development: primary intersubjectivity and secondary intersubjectivity
    • Key communication skills: turn-taking, and joint attention
    • Development of social skills and understanding of communicative intent.

    Critical Evaluations

    • Some evidence that infant understands others can have thoughts/intentions.
    • Lower-level explanations (following movements, liking attention) are needed.
    • Difficult to evaluate claims about infants have thoughts/intentions.
    • Necessary precursors for language acquisition.
    • Artificial intelligence
    • Social skills/language development
    • Word meaning, syntax

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    PSYC21021 Lecture 2: Early Social Skills and Communication Development 2024-2025 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores key concepts related to early social skills in infants, including primary and secondary intersubjectivity, the development of communication, and the importance of social referencing. Test your understanding of the critical milestones in social skills acquisition among infants.

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