91 Questions
Which temperamental profile is considered optimal?
Low Reactivity, High Regulation
What is the risk associated with children who have Low Reactivity and Low Regulation?
They may appear withdrawn and lack intentional action
What is the primary function of the amygdala in the context of emotional development?
Emotional reactivity
Which neural region is suggested to be involved in emotional regulation, according to the text?
Prefrontal cortex
What is one of the aspects of developmental change mentioned in the text?
Both a) and b)
Which group of children is at risk of developing attention or hyperactivity problems?
High Reactivity, Low Regulation
Which of the following best describes the role of emotions in human survival?
Emotions are essential for survival as they help individuals navigate the world and respond to environmental stimuli.
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'reactivity' in the context of temperament?
Reactivity refers to an individual's emotional arousability and how easily they are moved to action.
Which of the following statements about the development of the amygdala is accurate based on the information provided?
Amygdala volumetric growth is complete by age 4 in girls, while its development in boys follows a different trajectory.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between emotional expressiveness and neurocortical maturation, according to the provided information?
The development of emotional expressiveness is closely linked to the maturation of neurocortical regions involved in emotion regulation.
According to the information provided, which of the following statements accurately describes the nature of emotions?
Emotions are rapid, reactive, and functional responses that typically precede cognitive processes.
According to the passage, which of the following best describes how caregivers help infants regulate their emotional arousal in the first months of life?
By controlling infants' exposure to stimulating events
What is the primary role of the prefrontal cortex in affect regulation in adults, according to the passage?
The prefrontal cortex can attenuate amygdala reactivity during emotion regulation.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between temperament and emotional regulation development, according to the passage?
Temperament is a combination of genetic and environmental factors, and emotional regulation develops in parallel.
What is the main effect observed in the offspring of monkeys exposed to noise stressors during pregnancy, according to the passage?
The offspring are highly stress reactive, engage in little exploration, and are clingy.
According to the passage, what is the relationship between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex in affect regulation in adults?
The prefrontal cortex can modulate the amygdala during affect regulation.
Which attachment pattern is characterized by a child's resistance to contact with the caregiver upon reunion, despite remaining in close proximity?
Anxious-Resistant
What is the primary characteristic of the Anxious-Avoidant attachment pattern?
The child largely ignores the caregiver and can be sociable with other adults.
Which attachment pattern is highly represented in populations of abused children?
Disorganized
What is the typical caregiver behavior associated with Anxious-Resistant attachment?
Unpredictable in their caregiving, leading to anger or helplessness in the child upon reunion.
In the Strange Situation procedure, what is observed during the separation episode for children with a Secure attachment pattern?
The child shows little distress and explores the environment freely.
What is the primary characteristic of the reunion episode for children with a Disorganized attachment pattern?
The child approaches the caregiver but then abruptly avoids or resists contact.
According to attachment theory, what is the primary function of attachment behaviors in infants?
To increase the chances of survival by maintaining proximity to caregivers
Which of the following best describes the secure base concept proposed by Bowlby?
It is the caregiver's presence that provides the infant with a sense of security, enabling them to explore the environment.
According to the developmental phases of attachment, at what stage do infants begin to exhibit stranger anxiety and separation anxiety?
Specific Attachment (7-9 months)
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Indiscriminate Attachments phase of attachment development?
Infants enjoy interacting with all people, regardless of familiarity, and do not exhibit stranger anxiety.
According to attachment theory, which of the following statements accurately describes the separation and reunion episodes observed in infants with secure attachments?
Infants display moderate distress during separation but are easily soothed upon reunion with the caregiver.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the Asocial Phase of attachment development?
Infants show no particular preference for social stimuli and do not discriminate between caregivers and strangers.
Which of the following best describes the role of the "stranger" in the Strange Situation procedure?
To elicit stranger anxiety and observe the infant's reactions.
At what approximate age does the multiple attachment phase emerge and intensify?
6-7 months
What is the primary purpose of the separation and reunion episodes in the Strange Situation procedure?
To determine the quality of the infant's attachment to the caregiver.
Which of the following best describes the behavior of a securely attached infant during the Strange Situation procedure?
Explores the environment freely when the caregiver is present, becomes highly distressed upon separation, and is easily comforted upon reunion.
According to the passage, what percentage of North American children exhibit a secure attachment pattern?
65%
Which of the following best describes the role of the caregiver in the Strange Situation procedure?
To provide comfort and security for the infant, serving as a secure base.
What is a potential consequence of exposure to 'hospitalism' as described in the text?
Decreased physical development
How do environmental manipulations affect stress-regulatory processes in rats based on the information provided?
They alter stress-regulatory processes
What is a potential long-term effect of 'hospitalism' on humans according to the text?
Odd social behavior persisting into adulthood
How does the presence of a caregiver moderate the effects of stress hormones as mentioned in the text?
By mitigating the effects of stress reactivity
In what way does previously institutionalized youth differ from non-institutionalized peers based on the information provided?
They show odd social behavior
What impact can isolation have on perceptual-motor skills according to the text?
Disruption of perceptual-motor skills
How do environmental manipulations such as handling and maternal separation impact stress-regulatory processes in rats?
Enhance stress response
What is a common behavioral outcome of individuals experiencing 'hospitalism' as described in the text?
Odd social behavior
How do previously institutionalized youth differ from non-institutionalized peers?
Experienced time in orphanages
What is one of the key effects seen in humans who have experienced 'hospitalism' during childhood?
Lack of intimate relationships
What is the primary impact on perceptual-motor skills due to isolation as discussed in the text?
Retarded physical development
How does the presence of a caregiver moderate the effects of stress hormones?
By decreasing sensitivity to negative information
What is the primary focus of social skills training programs for rejected children?
Improving social interactions with peers
Why is the internalization of feedback particularly detrimental for children with low self-esteem?
It reinforces their negative self-image
How does the expectancy of peer rejection influence a child's behavior when meeting new peers?
It may set the child up for failure
Which aspect is NOT typically taught in social skills training programs for rejected children?
Communicating in negative ways
Why do training programs for aggressive-rejected children often target changing faulty social perceptions?
To improve their social interactions
Which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of aggressive-rejected children?
They are prone to hostile and threatening behavior, physical aggression, and disruptive behavior.
According to the passage, what percentage of rejected children tend to be aggressive?
40% to 50%
Which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of withdrawn-rejected children?
They are socially withdrawn, wary, and often timid.
According to the passage, what percentage of rejected children tend to be withdrawn?
10% to 25%
Which of the following factors contributes to the development of adjustment and behavior problems in rejected children, according to the passage?
All of the above.
According to the information provided, which of the following statements is true regarding aggressive peers?
Some aggressive peers develop a network of aggressive friends.
Which of the following best describes the sociometric status of a Controversial Child?
A child who receives many positive and many negative nominations from peers, indicating they are both liked and disliked.
Which of the following factors is NOT mentioned in the text as influencing a child's peer status?
Academic achievement
Which type of child is described as being low in social impact, receiving few positive or negative nominations from peers?
Neglected Children
Which of the following is a characteristic of Rejected Children?
They receive many negative nominations and few positive nominations.
According to the passage, which of the following is a key factor that influences a child's peer status?
The status of the child's friends
Which stage of moral development is characterized by a focus on self-interest and avoiding punishment?
Preconventional morality
Which stage of moral development involves the internalization of societal norms and a desire to maintain social order?
Conventional morality
Which stage of moral development is characterized by the development of autonomous moral principles that transcend societal norms?
Postconventional morality
Which aspect of moral development involves the cognitive process of evaluating the rightness or wrongness of actions?
Moral reasoning
Which stage of moral development is associated with a focus on universal ethical principles, such as justice and human rights?
Postconventional morality
Which stage of moral development involves the consideration of the consequences of one's actions on others, rather than a focus on personal gain or societal approval?
Postconventional morality
What is the primary focus of moral reasoning in the preconventional morality stage?
Seeking rewards and avoiding punishment
In the conventional morality stage, moral reasoning is predominantly dictated by:
Social relationships
In the scenario provided, Heinz was considering stealing the drug for his wife because:
He lacked the funds to pay for the drug at its inflated price.
What distinguishes postconventional morality from preconventional and conventional morality stages?
Involvement with ideals and moral principles
Which level of moral reasoning, as per Kohlberg, would best describe Heinz's potential decision to steal the drug?
Preconventional morality
Which of the following individuals is most likely to exhibit behavior consistent with conventional morality?
A young child seeking approval from peers
What moral basis would a proponent of postconventional morality likely argue in the context of Heinz's dilemma?
Respect for individual rights and ethical principles
Which statement aligns with postconventional morality?
Moral reasoning grounded in self-chosen ethical principles
If Heinz decides not to steal the drug, which level of moral reasoning is he likely operating under?
Conventional morality
What is a distinguishing characteristic of moral reasoning in the preconventional stage compared to the postconventional stage?
Focus on avoiding punishment
How might empathy play a role in determining Heinz's course of action in the scenario?
Justifying theft for his wife's benefit due to strong emotional connections.
Considering Heinz's situation, which moral reasoning level might be influenced by fear of punishment?
Preconventional morality
Which of the following best describes the concept of neurodiversity?
Neurodiversity is the idea that individuals with differences in brain function and behavioral traits are part of normal human variation.
Which of the following is identified in the text as a factor that can influence human development?
All of the above
Which of the following is a key characteristic of developmental disabilities?
Developmental disabilities are a group of conditions due to an impairment in all areas of physical, learning, language, and behavior.
Which of the following statements about human diversity is supported by the information provided in the text?
Humans are diverse in many ways, and each individual has many different traits that make them unique.
Which of the following is a key factor that can contribute to the uniqueness or differences observed in human beings?
Natural distribution of human variation and genetics
Which of the following best describes the overall message or theme conveyed in the text?
Humans are diverse, with each individual possessing many unique traits and characteristics that contribute to this diversity.
What is a common trait associated with Autism according to the passage?
Communication difficulties
Which type of developmental disability is often linked to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) according to the information provided?
Autism
What can Developmental Disabilities affect based on the passage?
Physical abilities, learning, and behavior
Which type of developmental disability is commonly characterized by low IQ levels?
Learning Disability
What percentage of children between ages 3 and 17 have at least one developmental disability?
15%
Explore the development of emotional regulation in infants during the first years of life. Learn how caregivers help infants regulate their emotional arousal and how infants use distraction to manage distress.
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