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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in middle and late childhood?
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
What is the opposite of egocentrism?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in adolescence?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in adolescence?
What is the term for the idea we have of ourselves as individuals?
What is the term for the idea we have of ourselves as individuals?
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What is a characteristic of self-concept in adulthood?
What is a characteristic of self-concept in adulthood?
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What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
What is the term for the ability to assume another's perspective?
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What is the development of self-concept characterized by in adolescence?
What is the development of self-concept characterized by in adolescence?
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What is the term for the process of evaluating one's successes and failures in adulthood?
What is the term for the process of evaluating one's successes and failures in adulthood?
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At what age do many children recognize their reflection in a mirror as themselves?
At what age do many children recognize their reflection in a mirror as themselves?
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What is the term for the perception about oneself, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs?
What is the term for the perception about oneself, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, and beliefs?
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What is the age range when children typically exhibit separation distress from primary caregivers?
What is the age range when children typically exhibit separation distress from primary caregivers?
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According to the dot-of-rouge experiment, what is a characteristic of self-awareness in infants?
According to the dot-of-rouge experiment, what is a characteristic of self-awareness in infants?
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What is the term for the confidence in one's ability to perform a task?
What is the term for the confidence in one's ability to perform a task?
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What is the age range when children can typically recognize their own photograph?
What is the age range when children can typically recognize their own photograph?
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What is a component of identity that refers to an individual's physical characteristics?
What is a component of identity that refers to an individual's physical characteristics?
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What is the term for the understanding of oneself as a distinct individual?
What is the term for the understanding of oneself as a distinct individual?
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What is the ideal self referred to in the context of self-worth?
What is the ideal self referred to in the context of self-worth?
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Which of the following is NOT a designation of the ideal self?
Which of the following is NOT a designation of the ideal self?
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What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?
What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?
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What is a characteristic of self-efficacy?
What is a characteristic of self-efficacy?
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What is the purpose of identifying role models in the context of the ideal self?
What is the purpose of identifying role models in the context of the ideal self?
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What is the focus of the Bodily Self designation?
What is the focus of the Bodily Self designation?
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What is the relationship between self-efficacy and competence?
What is the relationship between self-efficacy and competence?
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What is the purpose of understanding self-worth?
What is the purpose of understanding self-worth?
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Study Notes
Components of Identity
- Career, political views, religious beliefs, relationships, ethnic identity, personality, and body image are components of identity.
Self-Concept
- Self-concept is the perception about oneself, including traits, preferences, social roles, values, beliefs, interests, and self-categorization.
- Self-understanding develops throughout the lifespan.
Self-Awareness in Infancy
- Infants recognize themselves in mirrors at 15-18 months.
- The dot-of-rouge experiment demonstrates self-awareness in infants.
- Infants learn to differentiate their physical self from the environment.
The Developing Sense of Self
- Infants have a basic sense of self in the first few months of life.
- By 8 months, infants have a distinct sense of self.
- By 18-20 months, infants respond to separation from caregivers with distress.
- By 30 months, most children recognize their own photograph.
- By 2 years old, children exhibit embarrassment, shame, and self-assertive behavior.
Self in Early Childhood
- Children have a confusing sense of self, mind, and body.
- Children describe themselves using concrete, physical descriptions.
- Children overestimate their abilities.
Self in Middle & Late Childhood
- Children shift to internal traits and abilities.
- Children internalize others' attitudes toward themselves.
- Children develop perspective-taking abilities (Selman, 1980).
Perspective Taking
- Perspective-taking is the ability to assume another's perspective.
- This ability develops through stages (Selman, 1980).
- Children who are good at perspective-taking are popular.
Self in Adolescence
- Adolescents have an abstract and idealistic sense of self.
- Adolescents are self-conscious and preoccupied.
- Adolescents experience contradictions within themselves.
Self in Adulthood
- Adults develop self-awareness and emotional intelligence.
- Adults accept their good and bad qualities.
- Adults evaluate their successes and failures through life review.
Self-Concept (Bandura, Erikson, Rogers)
- Self-concept consists of self-worth, ideal self, and self-efficacy.
- Self-worth encompasses meaning, purpose, and living up to one's identity and destiny.
Ideal Self
- The ideal self is the kind of person one would like to be.
- The ideal self has intellectual, emotional, and bodily aspects.
Self-Efficacy (Bandura)
- Self-efficacy is the confidence in one's ability to exert control over motivation, behavior, and social environment.
- Self-efficacy develops as people become competent in particular skills and situations.
- Self-efficacy is situation-specific.
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Description
Understand the development of self-concept in children, including Bandura's theory of self-efficacy. Explore strategies to promote self-esteem and self-efficacy. Identify components of identity such as career, political views, and religious beliefs.
