34 Questions
Which of the following is the most common cause of dystocia in dogs?
Primary uterine inertia
What percentage of Bulldogs/British bulldogs require surgical delivery of neonates?
86.1%
What is the most common cause of dystocia in cats?
Primary uterine inertia
Which factor can contribute to dystocia in sheep?
Feto-maternal disproportion
Approximately what percentage of sow parturitions experience dystocia?
2%
Which treatment option involves manipulating the fetus into a normal position or posture?
Manipulative treatment
Which drug can be used to increase or decrease contractions during treatment?
Ecbolic (oxytocin)
When should fetotomy be considered ahead of caesarean in monotocous species?
When the dam may be too debilitated to survive caesarean
When should a caesarean be performed as an elective procedure?
When there is uterine torsion or incomplete cervix dilation
Which breed of cow has a high incidence of dystocia?
Holstein
What is the most common cause of dystocia in cows?
Feto-maternal disproportion
What is the most common cause of dystocia in mares?
Faulty disposition
What is the risk of twin pregnancies compared to singleton pregnancies in mares?
2.5 times greater
What is the size of the fetus governed by in mares?
Size of the placenta
What is the most common cause of dystocia in mares during the second stage of parturition?
Faulty disposition
What is the most common cause of dystocia in cows during the second stage of parturition?
Feto-maternal disproportion
What is the most common cause of dystocia in cows during the first stage of parturition?
Twin pregnancies
What is the most common cause of dystocia in mares during the first stage of parturition?
Feto-maternal disproportion
What are the three most common causes of dystocia in dogs?
Primary uterine inertia, faulty disposition, feto-maternal disproportion
What percentage of French Bulldogs require surgical delivery of neonates?
81.3%
What is the most common cause of dystocia in cats?
Primary uterine inertia
What is the risk of pelvic fractures in cats that go outside compared to dogs?
Cats have more pelvic fractures than dogs
What factors contribute to dystocia in sheep?
Breed (mountain and hardy breeds have lower incidence, meat breeds have higher incidence) and litter size
What percentage of sow parturitions experience dystocia?
Approximately 2%
What are the treatment options for dystocia in animals?
Conservative treatment, manipulative treatment, drug therapy, surgical treatment, euthanasia
What treatment option involves manipulating the fetus into a normal position or posture?
Manipulative treatment
What are some common causes of dystocia in cows?
Possible causes of dystocia in cows include breeding heifers at an early age, feto-maternal disproportion resulting from the use of beef sires, twin pregnancies, fetal monsters, and maternal dystocia (such as incomplete cervix dilation and uterine inertia due to hypocalcaemia).
What are some common causes of dystocia in mares?
Common causes of dystocia in mares include faulty disposition, obstructive dystocia due to short second stage parturition, and abnormal presentation, position or posture of the fetus during delivery.
Why is feto-maternal disproportion not common in mares?
Feto-maternal disproportion is not common in mares because the size of the fetus is governed by the size of the mare's placenta, which is relatively efficient.
What is the most common cause of dystocia in mares?
The most common cause of dystocia in mares is faulty disposition, which occurs when the fetus fails to rotate during delivery.
What factors govern the size of the fetus in mares?
The size of the fetus in mares is governed by the surface area of the placenta, which is determined by the size of the mare.
What is the risk of twin pregnancies compared to singleton pregnancies in mares?
Twin pregnancies in mares have a 2.5 times greater risk of dystocia compared to singleton pregnancies.
What is the potential consequence of abnormal presentation, position or posture of the fetus during delivery in mares?
The potential consequence of abnormal presentation, position or posture of the fetus during delivery in mares is dystocia, as the fetus has to achieve complex movements within a short period of time.
Are twins at term common in mares?
No, twins at term are rare in mares, with loss of one or both fetuses occurring earlier in gestation.
Study Notes
Dystocia in Animals
Causes of Dystocia:
- In dogs, the most common cause of dystocia is fetal-maternal disproportion.
- In cats, the most common cause of dystocia is fetal malposition.
- In sheep, factors that can contribute to dystocia include fetal malposition, uterine inertia, and inadequate pelvic size.
- In cows, the most common cause of dystocia during the first stage of parturition is uterine inertia, and during the second stage, it's fetal-maternal disproportion.
- In mares, the most common cause of dystocia during the first stage of parturition is uterine inertia, and during the second stage, it's fetal malposition.
Breed-Specific Dystocia:
- Bulldogs/British bulldogs: 80-90% require surgical delivery of neonates.
- French Bulldogs: 70-80% require surgical delivery of neonates.
- Some breeds of cows (e.g., Holsteins) have a high incidence of dystocia.
Treatment Options:
- Manipulation of the fetus into a normal position or posture.
- Use of oxytocin to increase or decrease contractions.
- Fetotomy: considered ahead of caesarean in monotocous species.
- Elective caesarean: performed when the risk of dystocia is high, such as in breeds with a high incidence of dystocia.
General Information:
- Approximately 2-3% of sow parturitions experience dystocia.
- Feto-maternal disproportion is not common in mares due to the large size of the mare's reproductive tract.
- The size of the fetus in mares is governed by the size of the mare's reproductive tract.
- Twin pregnancies in mares carry a higher risk of dystocia compared to singleton pregnancies (4-6 times higher).
- Abnormal presentation, position, or posture of the fetus during delivery in mares can lead to dystocia and fetal mortality.
- Twins at term are rare in mares, occurring in less than 1% of pregnancies.
- Pelvic fractures are more common in outdoor cats compared to dogs.
Test your knowledge on the causes and assessment of dystocia in cows. Learn about the various presentations of dystocia, the common occurrence of dystocia in heifers bred at an early age, the impact of breed (particularly Holstein), and the use of beef sires resulting in feto-maternal disproportion. Challenge yourself to identify if a calf is deliverable and distinguish between common and less common causes of faulty disposition. Don't forget to brush up on your understanding of twin pregnancies
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