Foetal Presentation and Dystocia in Mares and Bitches
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Foetal Presentation and Dystocia in Mares and Bitches

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of GnRH agonists in bitches?

  • Persistent oestrus
  • Hip dysplasia
  • Mammary neoplasia (correct)
  • Urinary incontinence

    • GnRH agonists are effective for treating urinary incontinence in male dogs.

    False

    What is one indication for using ovariectomy in mares?

    Produce teaser or jumper mares

    GnRH agonists can help prevent mammary neoplasia and _____ in female dogs.

    <p>pyometra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their associated medical intervention:

    <p>Urinary incontinence = GnRH agonists Hip dysplasia = Ovariectomy Mammary neoplasia = OHE Persistent oestrus = Medical management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GnRH agonist is used ONLY in male dogs?

    <p>Suprelorelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using GnRH agonists in prepubertal bitches may delay epiphyseal closure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from ovariectomy in sheep?

    <p>Libido testing for rams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is considered normal for a foetus in relation to the maternal pelvis?

    <p>Anterior longitudinal presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A transverse presentation of the foetus is normal during birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What extremity position is considered normal for foetal posture?

    <p>Extended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common cause of foetal pelvic disproportion is found in __________.

    <p>dairy cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of dystocia with its risk factor:

    <p>Oversize foetus = Obstructive Dystocia Hydrocephalus = Clinical Signs Foetal disposition = Foetal pelvic disproportions Twins colliding = Obstructive Dystocia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of foals are typically born in anterior longitudinal presentation?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lateral presentation is a common position for a foetus during parturition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of obstructive dystocia?

    <p>Progression of parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In bitches, only __________% of dystocia cases are foetal in origin.

    <p>25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of dystocia?

    <p>Medical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone do Sertoli cells secrete that can prevent apoptosis of spermatozoa?

    <p>Oestradiol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cloacal prolapse is most commonly seen in female cockatoos.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of hormonal secretion in Sertoli cell tumors?

    <p>Feminising CPE2 secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common type of neoplasia in parrots is __________.

    <p>Sertoli cell tumour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following treatments and their corresponding conditions:

    <p>Orchidectomy = Sertoli cell tumor Hormonal manipulation = Cloacal prolapse Radiology = Diagnosing neoplasia Endoscopic biopsy = Tissue sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect related to the anatomical location and site of Sertoli cell tumors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental enrichment is not considered important in aviary design.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one diet consideration for managing neoplasia in birds.

    <p>Flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of prolonged lochia duration?

    <p>Rapid exsanguination of the foetal side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dystocia can lead to retained foetal membranes in mares.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum time after foaling that retained foetal membranes are considered a medical emergency?

    <p>3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of prostaglandins in therapy of uterine infections is to __________.

    <p>eliminate existing bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the condition with its related treatment:

    <p>Retained Foetal Membranes = Manual removal Uterine inertia = Prostaglandins Placenta previa = Saline flush Metritis = Systemic antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the signs that indicates severe endometrial damage?

    <p>Subinvolution of placental sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CL persistence can lead to abnormal hormonal production.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average duration of uterine involution in mares postpartum?

    <p>12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heavy placentitis may lead to foetal complications such as __________.

    <p>septicaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the uterine conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Uterine inertia = Failure of contraction Dystocia = Difficulty in parturition Hypocalcaemia = Low calcium levels in blood Retained Foetal Membranes = Membranes not expelled after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is often used for improving uterine contractility?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary placental problems can result from the failure of the placenta to mature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What techniques can be used to evacuate pathologic contents from the uterus?

    <p>Manipulation and lavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacterial activity is often a contributing factor to __________ during the postpartum period.

    <p>metritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the treatments with their intended purpose:

    <p>Manual removal = For retained membranes PGF = To dissolve the corpus luteum Saline flush = To cleanse the uterus Antibiotics = To eliminate infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum (CL)?

    <p>Progesterone (P4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovulation can occur without a significant increase in estrogen levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gestation length average for female subjects mentioned in the content?

    <p>340 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The surgical procedure used as a last resort for female reproduction problems is called __________.

    <p>salpingohysterectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Uterine torsion = Condition of the uterus twisting on itself Pregnancy toxemia = Condition resulting from nutrient deficiency during pregnancy Dystocia = Difficult birth RFM = Retained fetal membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign that parturition may be imminent?

    <p>Udder development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Twins are common in the discussed species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'induced ovulation'?

    <p>Ovulation that occurs as a result of mating or specific hormonal signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _______ noise is commonly made by males during receptivity behaviors.

    <p>orgling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pregnancy events with their stages:

    <p>Stage 1 = Cervical dilation and uterine contractions Stage 2 = Delivery of the cria Stage 3 = Expulsion of the placenta Hydrocephalus = Abnormal fluid accumulation in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method for detecting pregnancy mentioned in the content?

    <p>Blood progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, an increase in blood progesterone above 2 ng/ml typically indicates the animal is pregnant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to female infertility due to constant receptivity?

    <p>Follicular cysts or other reproductive pathologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive egg production can lead to __________ inflammation.

    <p>oviductal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if sperm are not successfully transported in a timely manner?

    <p>Reduced chance of fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Foetal Presentation, Position and Posture

    • Normal PPP in mares - longitudinal (anterior or posterior) and dorsal (dorsosacral) position
    • Abnormal PPP in mares - transverse or lateral/ventral position
    • Normal PPP in bitches - longitudinal (anterior) and dorsal (dorsosacral) position
    • Abnormal PPP in bitches - transverse, lateral, or ventral position
    • Foetal extremities can be extended (normal), flexed, or retained
    • Faulty foetus disposition - 70% of dystocia in mares
    • Foetal monsters, death, and maternal disproportion can also contribute to dystocia

    Dystocia - Oversize

    • Oversize foetus can lead to dystocia
    • Dropsy of foetus (hydrocephalus, foetal ascites, and foetal anasarca) can cause dystocia
    • Ventro-transverse presentation or two twins colliding can also cause dystocia

    Obstructive Dystocia - Clinical Signs

    • Depends on the progression of parturition when obstruction occurred and how long ago it happened
    • Signs include:
      • Increased lochia duration
      • Postpartum ovulation at 16-18 days
      • Corpus luteum formation and progesterone production
      • Cervical closure
      • Severe endometrial damage
      • Reduced endogenous prostaglandin production
      • Corpus luteum persistence

    Treatment Guidelines for Obstructive Dystocia

    • Improve uterine contractility by:
      • Evacuating pathological contents of the uterus
      • Using PGF or E2
    • Prostaglandins are used in therapy of uterine infections
    • Elimination of corpus luteum (improving contractility and eliminating immunosuppressive effect of progesterone)
    • Direct stimulation of immune cell function in the endometrium
    • Combination of anti-infective therapy and prostaglandins helps eliminate existing bacterial infection and prevent recurrence

    Retained Foetal Membranes (RFM) - Mare

    • Normal expulsion within 3 hours
    • Retained after 3 hours is a medical emergency
    • Often retained after dystocia, placentitis, myometrial exhaustion, and induction of parturition
    • Check for twins, placental problems, and myometrial exhaustion

    Subinvolution of Placenta Sites (SIPS) - Bitch

    • Uterine involution complete after 12 weeks postpartum
    • Delayed involution process - trophoblast cells don't degenerate and continue to invade endometrium and myometrium
    • Trophoblast-like cells (polynucleated and vacuolated) in vaginal smear in bitches with SIPS
    • Often occurs after the first parturition

    Mare - Ovariectomy

    • Indications: produce teaser or jumper mares, treat ovarian diseases
    • Risks:
      • Urinary incontinence
      • Orthopaedic conditions (cranial cruciate ligament rupture)
      • Hip dysplasia
      • Neoplasia

    Bitch - Ovariectomy

    • Indications: treat ovarian diseases
    • Risks:
      • Urinary incontinence
      • Hair anomalies
      • Juvenile vaginitis
      • Delay of epiphyseal closure

    GnRH Agonists - Bitch

    • Suprelorin (male dogs only)
    • Can be used in bitches, but there are off-label use and side effects in adult and pre-pubertal bitches, including:
      • Persistent oestrus
      • Uterine disorders
      • Urinary incontinence
      • Hair anomalies
      • Juvenile vaginitis
      • Delay of epiphyseal closure

    Permanent - Vaccination

    • When to use medical management for SIPS

    Intrauterine Ab - Mare

    • Check for placentitis around cervical star
    • Check the entire chorionic surface, the avillous area at the utero-tubal junction (UTJ), and endometrial cup sites
    • Check the amnion and umbilical cord
    • If heavy or placentitis, check the foal for septicaemia

    Metritis - Mare

    • Risk of metritis
    • Remove debris and bacteria
    • Gently lavage with warm physiologic saline via a sterile tube
    • Systemic and intrauterine antibiotics after evacuation
    • Repeated lavage on successive days and ultrasound control to ensure there is no free fluid in the uterus

    Female Reproduction

    • Receptive Behaviour: When female is receptive to mating, she will allow the male to force her to go down ("cushing"). She will also form a line next to breeding male. This behavior is also seen in males, who will chase females for mating.
    • Ovulation: Mating induces ovulation in females. Seminal plasma from sex glands contains OIF/B-NGF, which gets absorbed via endometritis from breeding. OIF acts on B-NGF receptors on kisspeptin neurons, triggering a GnRH surge and LH surge, which leads to ovulation. The expression of B-NGF receptors is dependent on estradiol concentrations.
    • Pregnancy Diagnosis: Blood progesterone concentration is the indicator for pregnancy. In non-pregnant females, it rises around 4 days and declines around 6 days, this indicates mating and ovulation but not pregnancy. A rise in progesterone concentration beyond 2 ng/ml indicates pregnancy. Gestation length commonly ranges from 340 days.
    • High-Risk Pregnancies: Older females may have fibrotic endometrium, which is linked to higher risks during pregnancy.
    • Signs of Parturition: Female may show udder development 1-3 weeks before parturition. Relaxation of sacro-sciatic ligament can be seen 2 weeks before parturition.
    • Stages of Parturition: Parturition is divided into 3 stages. Stage 1 takes 2-6 hours. Stage 2 involves expulsion of cria, which takes 30-60 minutes. Stage 3 is the expulsion of placenta, which can take up to 3-6 hours.
    • Common Abnormalities/Mortality: 95% of deaths occur within the first 6 months due to hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, and starvation.
    • Female Infertility: This can be caused by constant receptivity, constant rejection, and alternate receptivity/injection. Constant receptivity can be caused by lack of ovulation or other causes like management errors. Constant rejection can be caused by persistent progesterone, luteal cysts, or other causes like pain or dominance. Alternate receptivity/injection is caused by pathologies like oviductal issues, uterine issues like endometritis, and other causes like early embryonic death or management errors/wrong timing.

    Male Reproduction

    • Scrotum and Testicles: Testicular descent occurs at birth or can take up to puberty. Spermatogenesis begins around 1.5 years, and puberty is reached at 2 years. Sperm production is dependent on testicular weight and size.
    • Signs of Normal Male: Normal libido, 2 scrotal testicles, each testis measuring 3.7 cm length and 2.5 cm width, >60% live sperm, >30-50% motile sperm, and >50-70% morphologically normal sperm.

    Birds (General)

    • Egg-laying: Excessive egg laying can deplete calcium reserves, causing oviductal inflammation and oviductal muscle neoplasia.
    • Egg Binding (Dystocia): Predisposing factors include age, malnutrition, obesity, excessive egg production, and lack of physical fitness.
    • Cloacal Prolapse: Most common in male cockatoos and is associated with masturbatory behavior.
    • Salpingohysterectomy: A last resort as it is a dangerous and difficult surgery.

    Bird Reproduction: Considerations & Management

    • Healthy Birds: Ensure the bird is healthy, old enough, and the opposite sex. This includes assessing the bird's synchronization and mating compatibility.
    • Husbandry: Focus on the diet, aviary design, predator and vermin control, privacy provision, stress reduction, and environmental enrichment.
    • Proximate Factors: Assess the weather, rain/sprinkler systems, artificial lighting, diet, and suitable nesting sites.
    • Mate: Ensure a compatible and suitable mate is present.
    • Hormonal Manipulation: Short-acting GnRH agonists (Buserelin) can be used to stimulate FSH and LH production, increasing egg production.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the normal and abnormal foetal presentations, positions, and postures in mares and bitches, along with the clinical signs of dystocia. It discusses the causes of dystocia, including foetal size and disposition. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in veterinary obstetrics.

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