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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of GnRH agonists in bitches?
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of GnRH agonists in bitches?
GnRH agonists are effective for treating urinary incontinence in male dogs.
GnRH agonists are effective for treating urinary incontinence in male dogs.
False
What is one indication for using ovariectomy in mares?
What is one indication for using ovariectomy in mares?
Produce teaser or jumper mares
GnRH agonists can help prevent mammary neoplasia and _____ in female dogs.
GnRH agonists can help prevent mammary neoplasia and _____ in female dogs.
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Match the following conditions with their associated medical intervention:
Match the following conditions with their associated medical intervention:
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Which GnRH agonist is used ONLY in male dogs?
Which GnRH agonist is used ONLY in male dogs?
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Using GnRH agonists in prepubertal bitches may delay epiphyseal closure.
Using GnRH agonists in prepubertal bitches may delay epiphyseal closure.
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What condition can result from ovariectomy in sheep?
What condition can result from ovariectomy in sheep?
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Which position is considered normal for a foetus in relation to the maternal pelvis?
Which position is considered normal for a foetus in relation to the maternal pelvis?
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A transverse presentation of the foetus is normal during birth.
A transverse presentation of the foetus is normal during birth.
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What extremity position is considered normal for foetal posture?
What extremity position is considered normal for foetal posture?
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The most common cause of foetal pelvic disproportion is found in __________.
The most common cause of foetal pelvic disproportion is found in __________.
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Match the type of dystocia with its risk factor:
Match the type of dystocia with its risk factor:
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What percentage of foals are typically born in anterior longitudinal presentation?
What percentage of foals are typically born in anterior longitudinal presentation?
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Lateral presentation is a common position for a foetus during parturition.
Lateral presentation is a common position for a foetus during parturition.
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What is a common clinical sign of obstructive dystocia?
What is a common clinical sign of obstructive dystocia?
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In bitches, only __________% of dystocia cases are foetal in origin.
In bitches, only __________% of dystocia cases are foetal in origin.
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Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of dystocia?
Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of dystocia?
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What hormone do Sertoli cells secrete that can prevent apoptosis of spermatozoa?
What hormone do Sertoli cells secrete that can prevent apoptosis of spermatozoa?
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Cloacal prolapse is most commonly seen in female cockatoos.
Cloacal prolapse is most commonly seen in female cockatoos.
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What is a common consequence of hormonal secretion in Sertoli cell tumors?
What is a common consequence of hormonal secretion in Sertoli cell tumors?
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The most common type of neoplasia in parrots is __________.
The most common type of neoplasia in parrots is __________.
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Match the following treatments and their corresponding conditions:
Match the following treatments and their corresponding conditions:
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Which of the following is an effect related to the anatomical location and site of Sertoli cell tumors?
Which of the following is an effect related to the anatomical location and site of Sertoli cell tumors?
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Environmental enrichment is not considered important in aviary design.
Environmental enrichment is not considered important in aviary design.
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Name one diet consideration for managing neoplasia in birds.
Name one diet consideration for managing neoplasia in birds.
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What is a common cause of prolonged lochia duration?
What is a common cause of prolonged lochia duration?
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Dystocia can lead to retained foetal membranes in mares.
Dystocia can lead to retained foetal membranes in mares.
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What is the maximum time after foaling that retained foetal membranes are considered a medical emergency?
What is the maximum time after foaling that retained foetal membranes are considered a medical emergency?
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The primary goal of prostaglandins in therapy of uterine infections is to __________.
The primary goal of prostaglandins in therapy of uterine infections is to __________.
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Match the condition with its related treatment:
Match the condition with its related treatment:
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What is one of the signs that indicates severe endometrial damage?
What is one of the signs that indicates severe endometrial damage?
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CL persistence can lead to abnormal hormonal production.
CL persistence can lead to abnormal hormonal production.
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What is the average duration of uterine involution in mares postpartum?
What is the average duration of uterine involution in mares postpartum?
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Heavy placentitis may lead to foetal complications such as __________.
Heavy placentitis may lead to foetal complications such as __________.
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Match the uterine conditions with their descriptions:
Match the uterine conditions with their descriptions:
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Which treatment is often used for improving uterine contractility?
Which treatment is often used for improving uterine contractility?
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Primary placental problems can result from the failure of the placenta to mature.
Primary placental problems can result from the failure of the placenta to mature.
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What techniques can be used to evacuate pathologic contents from the uterus?
What techniques can be used to evacuate pathologic contents from the uterus?
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Bacterial activity is often a contributing factor to __________ during the postpartum period.
Bacterial activity is often a contributing factor to __________ during the postpartum period.
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Match the treatments with their intended purpose:
Match the treatments with their intended purpose:
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What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum (CL)?
What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum (CL)?
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Ovulation can occur without a significant increase in estrogen levels.
Ovulation can occur without a significant increase in estrogen levels.
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What is the gestation length average for female subjects mentioned in the content?
What is the gestation length average for female subjects mentioned in the content?
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The surgical procedure used as a last resort for female reproduction problems is called __________.
The surgical procedure used as a last resort for female reproduction problems is called __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is a sign that parturition may be imminent?
What is a sign that parturition may be imminent?
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Twins are common in the discussed species.
Twins are common in the discussed species.
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What is the definition of 'induced ovulation'?
What is the definition of 'induced ovulation'?
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A _______ noise is commonly made by males during receptivity behaviors.
A _______ noise is commonly made by males during receptivity behaviors.
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Match the following pregnancy events with their stages:
Match the following pregnancy events with their stages:
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What is a method for detecting pregnancy mentioned in the content?
What is a method for detecting pregnancy mentioned in the content?
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During pregnancy, an increase in blood progesterone above 2 ng/ml typically indicates the animal is pregnant.
During pregnancy, an increase in blood progesterone above 2 ng/ml typically indicates the animal is pregnant.
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What can lead to female infertility due to constant receptivity?
What can lead to female infertility due to constant receptivity?
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Excessive egg production can lead to __________ inflammation.
Excessive egg production can lead to __________ inflammation.
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What occurs if sperm are not successfully transported in a timely manner?
What occurs if sperm are not successfully transported in a timely manner?
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Study Notes
Foetal Presentation, Position and Posture
- Normal PPP in mares - longitudinal (anterior or posterior) and dorsal (dorsosacral) position
- Abnormal PPP in mares - transverse or lateral/ventral position
- Normal PPP in bitches - longitudinal (anterior) and dorsal (dorsosacral) position
- Abnormal PPP in bitches - transverse, lateral, or ventral position
- Foetal extremities can be extended (normal), flexed, or retained
- Faulty foetus disposition - 70% of dystocia in mares
- Foetal monsters, death, and maternal disproportion can also contribute to dystocia
Dystocia - Oversize
- Oversize foetus can lead to dystocia
- Dropsy of foetus (hydrocephalus, foetal ascites, and foetal anasarca) can cause dystocia
- Ventro-transverse presentation or two twins colliding can also cause dystocia
Obstructive Dystocia - Clinical Signs
- Depends on the progression of parturition when obstruction occurred and how long ago it happened
- Signs include:
- Increased lochia duration
- Postpartum ovulation at 16-18 days
- Corpus luteum formation and progesterone production
- Cervical closure
- Severe endometrial damage
- Reduced endogenous prostaglandin production
- Corpus luteum persistence
Treatment Guidelines for Obstructive Dystocia
- Improve uterine contractility by:
- Evacuating pathological contents of the uterus
- Using PGF or E2
- Prostaglandins are used in therapy of uterine infections
- Elimination of corpus luteum (improving contractility and eliminating immunosuppressive effect of progesterone)
- Direct stimulation of immune cell function in the endometrium
- Combination of anti-infective therapy and prostaglandins helps eliminate existing bacterial infection and prevent recurrence
Retained Foetal Membranes (RFM) - Mare
- Normal expulsion within 3 hours
- Retained after 3 hours is a medical emergency
- Often retained after dystocia, placentitis, myometrial exhaustion, and induction of parturition
- Check for twins, placental problems, and myometrial exhaustion
Subinvolution of Placenta Sites (SIPS) - Bitch
- Uterine involution complete after 12 weeks postpartum
- Delayed involution process - trophoblast cells don't degenerate and continue to invade endometrium and myometrium
- Trophoblast-like cells (polynucleated and vacuolated) in vaginal smear in bitches with SIPS
- Often occurs after the first parturition
Mare - Ovariectomy
- Indications: produce teaser or jumper mares, treat ovarian diseases
- Risks:
- Urinary incontinence
- Orthopaedic conditions (cranial cruciate ligament rupture)
- Hip dysplasia
- Neoplasia
Bitch - Ovariectomy
- Indications: treat ovarian diseases
- Risks:
- Urinary incontinence
- Hair anomalies
- Juvenile vaginitis
- Delay of epiphyseal closure
GnRH Agonists - Bitch
- Suprelorin (male dogs only)
- Can be used in bitches, but there are off-label use and side effects in adult and pre-pubertal bitches, including:
- Persistent oestrus
- Uterine disorders
- Urinary incontinence
- Hair anomalies
- Juvenile vaginitis
- Delay of epiphyseal closure
Permanent - Vaccination
- When to use medical management for SIPS
Intrauterine Ab - Mare
- Check for placentitis around cervical star
- Check the entire chorionic surface, the avillous area at the utero-tubal junction (UTJ), and endometrial cup sites
- Check the amnion and umbilical cord
- If heavy or placentitis, check the foal for septicaemia
Metritis - Mare
- Risk of metritis
- Remove debris and bacteria
- Gently lavage with warm physiologic saline via a sterile tube
- Systemic and intrauterine antibiotics after evacuation
- Repeated lavage on successive days and ultrasound control to ensure there is no free fluid in the uterus
Female Reproduction
- Receptive Behaviour: When female is receptive to mating, she will allow the male to force her to go down ("cushing"). She will also form a line next to breeding male. This behavior is also seen in males, who will chase females for mating.
- Ovulation: Mating induces ovulation in females. Seminal plasma from sex glands contains OIF/B-NGF, which gets absorbed via endometritis from breeding. OIF acts on B-NGF receptors on kisspeptin neurons, triggering a GnRH surge and LH surge, which leads to ovulation. The expression of B-NGF receptors is dependent on estradiol concentrations.
- Pregnancy Diagnosis: Blood progesterone concentration is the indicator for pregnancy. In non-pregnant females, it rises around 4 days and declines around 6 days, this indicates mating and ovulation but not pregnancy. A rise in progesterone concentration beyond 2 ng/ml indicates pregnancy. Gestation length commonly ranges from 340 days.
- High-Risk Pregnancies: Older females may have fibrotic endometrium, which is linked to higher risks during pregnancy.
- Signs of Parturition: Female may show udder development 1-3 weeks before parturition. Relaxation of sacro-sciatic ligament can be seen 2 weeks before parturition.
- Stages of Parturition: Parturition is divided into 3 stages. Stage 1 takes 2-6 hours. Stage 2 involves expulsion of cria, which takes 30-60 minutes. Stage 3 is the expulsion of placenta, which can take up to 3-6 hours.
- Common Abnormalities/Mortality: 95% of deaths occur within the first 6 months due to hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, and starvation.
- Female Infertility: This can be caused by constant receptivity, constant rejection, and alternate receptivity/injection. Constant receptivity can be caused by lack of ovulation or other causes like management errors. Constant rejection can be caused by persistent progesterone, luteal cysts, or other causes like pain or dominance. Alternate receptivity/injection is caused by pathologies like oviductal issues, uterine issues like endometritis, and other causes like early embryonic death or management errors/wrong timing.
Male Reproduction
- Scrotum and Testicles: Testicular descent occurs at birth or can take up to puberty. Spermatogenesis begins around 1.5 years, and puberty is reached at 2 years. Sperm production is dependent on testicular weight and size.
- Signs of Normal Male: Normal libido, 2 scrotal testicles, each testis measuring 3.7 cm length and 2.5 cm width, >60% live sperm, >30-50% motile sperm, and >50-70% morphologically normal sperm.
Birds (General)
- Egg-laying: Excessive egg laying can deplete calcium reserves, causing oviductal inflammation and oviductal muscle neoplasia.
- Egg Binding (Dystocia): Predisposing factors include age, malnutrition, obesity, excessive egg production, and lack of physical fitness.
- Cloacal Prolapse: Most common in male cockatoos and is associated with masturbatory behavior.
- Salpingohysterectomy: A last resort as it is a dangerous and difficult surgery.
Bird Reproduction: Considerations & Management
- Healthy Birds: Ensure the bird is healthy, old enough, and the opposite sex. This includes assessing the bird's synchronization and mating compatibility.
- Husbandry: Focus on the diet, aviary design, predator and vermin control, privacy provision, stress reduction, and environmental enrichment.
- Proximate Factors: Assess the weather, rain/sprinkler systems, artificial lighting, diet, and suitable nesting sites.
- Mate: Ensure a compatible and suitable mate is present.
- Hormonal Manipulation: Short-acting GnRH agonists (Buserelin) can be used to stimulate FSH and LH production, increasing egg production.
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Description
This quiz covers the normal and abnormal foetal presentations, positions, and postures in mares and bitches, along with the clinical signs of dystocia. It discusses the causes of dystocia, including foetal size and disposition. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in veterinary obstetrics.