ALEXIA, AGRAPHIA, ACALCULIA
42 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which condition is primarily focused on challenges in literacy skills, specifically in visual perception of letters and words?

  • Dyscalculia
  • Dysgraphia
  • Dyslexia (correct)
  • Dyspraxia

What is a common symptom experienced by individuals with dyscalculia?

  • Recalling spelling of words
  • Understanding time
  • Reversing letters
  • Visualizing mathematical patterns (correct)

Which disorder specifically involves challenges with handwriting tasks?

  • Dysgraphia (correct)
  • Dyslexia
  • Dysphasia
  • Dyscalculia

How does dysgraphia primarily manifest in individuals?

<p>Problems with motor control for writing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition affects a person's ability to perform basic calculations and understand quantitative concepts?

<p>Dyscalculia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically considered when assessing lexical items?

<p>Cultural significance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Phonological Approach in rehabilitation?

<p>To reconstruct the ability to transform phonemes into graphemes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary acalculia from secondary acalculia?

<p>Primary acalculia cannot be attributed to other cognitive deficits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In treatment directed at the damaged lexical component, which of the following activities would NOT be associated with the Lexical Approach?

<p>Transforming phonemes into graphemes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is most commonly related to acalculia when lesions occur?

<p>Left inferior parietal lobule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the lexical status of words, which term refers to non-words?

<p>Non-lexical items (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about acalculia is correct?

<p>Acalculia affects individuals with previously normal calculation abilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following rehabilitation activities is aimed at improving semantic processing?

<p>Matching written words to pictures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential benefit does multilingualism provide in relation to Alzheimer's disease?

<p>It may delay the onset of Alzheimer’s disease by up to 5 years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does multilingualism affect cognitive recovery after a stroke?

<p>Bilinguals tend to have better cognitive outcomes after a stroke. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one impact of multilingualism on brain structure?

<p>Increased myelination of some white matter tracts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical approach suggests that different languages are stored in separate regions of the brain?

<p>The localizationalist approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has research indicated about bilingual individuals during interlinguistic tests?

<p>They exhibit a higher rate of errors and slower reaction times. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the formal test of numerical abilities?

<p>Detailed assessment of numerical abilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is characterized by re-learning through intense practice?

<p>Restitutive approach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals diagnosed with specific learning disabilities have dyslexia?

<p>80% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in the formal test of numerical abilities?

<p>Memory recall of historical events (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about specific learning disabilities (SpLDs) is true?

<p>SpLDs can impact time management and organizational skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a compensatory approach in rehabilitation for a patient with impaired arithmetic fact retrieval?

<p>Counting procedures for multiplication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive skill is primarily impacted in individuals with dyslexia?

<p>Reading and spelling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of the population that experiences specific learning disabilities (SpLDs)?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dysorthography primarily characterized by?

<p>Difficulty in phoneme-grapheme conversion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common error associated with dysorthography?

<p>Overgeneralizations of grammatical rules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural abnormalities are consistently found in the left hemisphere of the dyslexic brain?

<p>Abnormally organized white matter tracts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bilingual individuals develop two linguistic codes simultaneously in the same environment during early life?

<p>Compound bilinguals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of bilingualism do individuals acquire their two languages in completely different contexts?

<p>Coordinate bilingual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does age of language acquisition influence brain area recruitment for bilingual individuals?

<p>Early learners recruit similar areas for both languages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence multilingual proficiency?

<p>Personal interest in learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of late learners in terms of language acquisition?

<p>They utilize distinct areas of the brain for different languages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT)?

<p>To evaluate aphasia and compare performance across multiple languages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT) assesses the patient's multilingual history?

<p>Part A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which recovery pattern does one language recover while the other remains impaired?

<p>Selective recovery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which recovery pattern involves both languages improving at the same pace?

<p>Parallel recovery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the third part of the Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT) focus on?

<p>Assessment of translation abilities and interference detection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recovery pattern indicates that a previously recovered language is lost again?

<p>Alternating recovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of multilingual recovery, what is alternating antagonistic recovery?

<p>Switching between languages day by day. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is NOT assessed in the Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT)?

<p>The patient’s emotional resilience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Treatment (in neuropsychology)

The ability to retrieve and apply previously learned skills and knowledge.

Acalculia

An acquired neuropsychological condition in which an individual experiences difficulty with basic arithmetic operations and number processing due to brain damage.

Primary Acalculia

A subtype of acalculia where the difficulty with calculations cannot be attributed to other cognitive impairments, like memory or attention.

Secondary Acalculia

A subtype of acalculia where the calculation difficulties are linked to problems in other cognitive domains, such as language or attention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phonological Processing

The ability to understand and manipulate single sounds within words, often broken down into phonemes or syllables.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phonological Approach (in reading/writing disorders)

A neuropsychological approach to treatment that focuses on restoring the ability to link sounds to letters, or vice versa.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lexical Approach (in reading/writing disorders)

A neuropsychological approach to treatment that focuses on lexical (word-related) processing, like recognizing irregular words and understanding word parts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semantic Approach (in reading/writing disorders)

A neuropsychological approach to treatment that focuses on understanding relationships between words and their meanings, like matching words to pictures or writing words for a picture.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dyslexia

A learning difficulty that makes it hard for people to read, write and spell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dyscalculia

A learning difficulty affecting the ability to understand and work with numbers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dysgraphia

A learning difficulty that affects the ability to write.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some challenges faced by people with Dyscalculia?

Dyscalculia can make it difficult to visualize patterns, understand mathematical concepts, and solve problems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some challenges faced by people with Dysgraphia?

Dysgraphia can affect skills such as holding a pen or pencil, forming letters, and remembering letter formation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Informal Test

A brief clinical screening to assess a patient's numerical abilities and determine if a more formal assessment is needed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Formal Test of Numerical Abilities

A comprehensive, structured assessment of a patient's numerical abilities, covering various areas like number comprehension, calculations, and reading and writing numbers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Restitutive Approach

A rehabilitation approach focused on re-learning numerical skills through repeated practice. It aims to restore lost abilities and make the process automatic again.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compensatory Approach

A rehabilitation approach promoting the use of alternative strategies to compensate for weaknesses in numerical skills. This helps patients find their own workarounds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Specific Learning Disorders (SpLDs)

A group of lifelong cognitive difficulties characterized by specific impairments in learning processes, affecting abilities like reading, writing, math, or comprehension.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impact of Specific Learning Disorders

Learning difficulties impact various aspects of life, influencing time management, organization, social perception, and interaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impact of Learning Environment on SpLDs

The experience of SpLD can vary among individuals and can be more challenging when the learning environment presents significant obstacles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

The Localizationist Approach to Bilingual Aphasia

The idea that different languages are stored in separate areas of the brain. This explains why some multilingual people might lose one language after a brain injury but not others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Language Switching

The ability to switch between languages, which is often improved in bilinguals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phonological Working Memory

The ability to remember and manipulate sounds, which is often stronger in bilinguals compared to monolinguals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aphasia

A condition where individuals have difficulty with language due to brain damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Brain Plasticity

The ability of the brain to adapt and change over time, which can be boosted by learning new languages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dynamical Theory of Language

The language system adapts to the environment's communicative needs, like a flowing river adjusting to its course.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT)

The Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT) evaluates language skills in multiple languages, comparing performance for a more accurate diagnosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

BAT Sections

The BAT assesses a patient's multilingual history, language disorder in each language, and translation abilities across languages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Selective Recovery

One language recovers completely while another remains impaired, like a tree with one healthy branch and one withered branch.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Parallel Recovery

Both impaired languages improve at a similar pace, like two runners crossing the finish line together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Successive Recovery

Full recovery of one language precedes the recovery of another, like a staircase with steps leading to recovery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Differential Recovery

One language is more inhibited than another, like a dimmer switch affecting one language more.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alternating Recovery

The language recovered first is lost again as the other language recovers, like a seesaw switching sides.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dysorthography

Dysorthography refers to a difficulty in translating the sounds of words into written symbols, particularly in accurately converting phonemes (sounds) into graphemes (letters).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phonological and Morphological Errors

Phonological errors are mistakes that occur within the sound structure of a word, such as mispronouncing a sound or adding/removing sounds. Morphological errors involve problems with the word's internal structure, such as adding incorrect prefixes or suffixes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Most Common Errors in Dysorthography

The most common errors associated with dysorthography include omitting letters or parts of words, substituting one letter for another, and reversing letter order within a word.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dysorthography and Dysgraphia

Dysorthography is often linked to dysgraphia, which is a broader writing disorder that includes difficulty with spelling, grammar, and punctuation. However, dysorthography specifically focuses on the sound-to-letter conversion problem.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heterogeneity of Multilingual Individuals

Multilingual individuals differ in how many languages they know, the order they acquired them, the age of acquisition, the frequency of use, and their proficiency levels in each language. These factors influence how languages are represented and processed in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Age of Acquisition

The age at which a language is acquired is a significant factor in brain organization and processing. Individuals who learned languages before school age, referred to as 'early learners,' often show a different pattern compared to 'late learners' who acquired languages after ten years of age.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recruitment of Broca's and Wernicke's Areas

Individuals who learned two languages early in life, often called 'compound bilinguals', tend to use similar brain regions for both languages. In contrast, individuals who learned languages in separate contexts, 'coordinate bilinguals', may activate different brain areas for each language.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Language Proficiency

Language proficiency is often influenced by environment. Individuals living in bilingual societies tend to be more proficient in both languages compared to those in monolingual communities. Proficiency affects how languages are represented and processed in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Reading and Writing Abilities

  • Neuropsychology studies reading and writing processes in healthy subjects and those with deficits (dyslexia, alexia, agraphia).
  • Reading involves converting graphemes (printed letters) into phonemes (sounds).
  • Writing involves converting phonemes into graphemes.
  • Reading and writing are linked to specific brain regions.

Reading and Writing Neural Correlates

  • Alexia is a reading disorder due to brain damage.
  • Agraphia is a writing disorder due to brain damage.
  • Key brain areas for reading and writing include Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the angular gyrus.
  • The corpus callosum connects the brain hemispheres, facilitating communication between them.

Reading and Writing Cognitive Correlates

  • Motor plans for writing and vocalization are related to different brain areas (e.g., Exner's area, Broca's area).
  • Auditory representations of phonemes (e.g., Planum Temporale) are important for both reading and writing.
  • Visual representations of letters (e.g., Visual Word Form Area - VWFA) are involved in understanding written words.

Peripheral Deficits in Reading/Writing

  • Neglect dyslexia
  • Attentional dyslexia
  • Pure alexia
  • Apraxic agraphia
  • Spatial agraphia
  • These deficits are not related to linguistic processing.

Central Deficits in Reading/Writing

  • Phonological dyslexia
  • Lexical/Surface dyslexia
  • Deep dyslexia
  • Phonological/Sublexical agraphia
  • Lexical/Surface agraphia
  • Semantic agraphia
  • Deep agraphia
  • These deficits are related to linguistic or semantic processing.

Alexia

  • Pure alexia is the deficit in reading without agraphia.
  • Acquired deficits are due to brain damage, while developmental deficits are present from birth.

A Dual-Route Model for Reading

  • The model proposes two routes for reading: a sublexical route and a lexical route.
  • The sublexical route uses grapheme-phoneme conversion, while the lexical route uses direct access to the word's meaning.
  • Different types of words (regular, irregular, and nonwords) might be read through different routes

A Dual-Route Model for Writing

  • The model likewise proposes two routes for writing: sublexical and lexical.
  • Sublexical route follows phoneme-grapheme conversion and lexical route uses direct access from semantic to orthographic output lexicon.

Specific Learning Disorders

  • Specific Learning Disabilities (SpLDs) encompass various disorders affecting specific cognitive skills affecting learning, including dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia.

Multilinguals

  • Multilingualism often involves both similar and different neural mechanisms compared to monolingualism, with particular emphasis on age of acquisition and the language environment.
  • There are various types of bilingualism (compound or coordinate).
  • Higher proficiency levels are often correlated with better language switching and improved phonological working memory.
  • The brain plasticity in multilingualism demonstrates resilience.

Acalculia

  • Acalculia is an acquired brain disorder affecting calculation abilities.
  • Pure acalculia is associated with parietal damage, while secondary acalculia involves other cognitive deficits.

Assessment and Treatment

  • Methods to evaluate reading, writing, and calculation skills following impairment is discussed.
  • Restitutive and compensatory interventions are described for various learning disabilities.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Reading and Writing Abilities PDF

Description

This quiz assesses knowledge on various learning disorders such as dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. It covers symptoms, brain regions associated with these conditions, and rehabilitation approaches. Test your understanding of the challenges individuals face with literacy and numeracy skills.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser