Dýfingaröryggis og Sundgasa-ansjúkur
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Questions and Answers

Hver eru einkenni hraðrar eða djúprar þrýstingsbreytinga?

  • Hækkað þroskaferli
  • Þreyta og vöðvaútbreiðsla (correct)
  • Aukin vitsmunaleg frammistaða
  • Aukin líkamsþyngd
  • Hver er aðalorsök súrefnisofþenslu?

  • Of mikill vökvi í líkamanum
  • Andardráttur súrefnis á háum þrýstingi (correct)
  • Ónógur súrefnisflutningur
  • Aukin niðurbrotsferli í líkamanum
  • Hver eru einkenni miðtaugakerfis ofnæmis við súrefnisofþenslu?

  • Aukinn blóðþrýstingur
  • Krampar (correct)
  • Of mikil orka
  • Aukinn vöðvastyrkur
  • Hvernig má forðast of mikla súrefnisáhrif?

    <p>Að fylgjast með súrefnisstigi og útsetningartíma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hverjar eru aðferðir til að koma í veg fyrir einkenni of mikillar þrýstingsbreytingar?

    <p>Bæta smá næturnítrógen í gasblöndu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað gerist þegar taugarastjórnari fer á dýpi og þrýstingur eykst?

    <p>Nitur leysist upp í blóð og vefjum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað gerist við loftfyllt rými í líkamanum á meðan á dýfu stendur?

    <p>Loftfyllt rými minnkar vegna þrýstings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað er mikilvægt að gera á meðan á endurkomu (upptöku) stendur?

    <p>Andaðu stöðugt inn og út</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað er aðalhættan við of hátt þrýsting á meðan á dýfu stendur?

    <p>Nituraukningar í líkama</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað gerist við lungs ef þrýstingur fer niður of hratt?

    <p>Lungun stækka ónáttúrulega</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvernig á að forðast óþægindi í eyru meðan á dýfu stendur?

    <p>Jafnvægi þrýstings í eyranu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað er ekki algeng orsök til vandamála við stigbreytingar á dýpi?

    <p>Aukinn blóðþrýstingur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað þarf að vera til staðar til að meta öndunarfæraskilyrði fyrir kafara?

    <p>Spirometría</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvernig er ofþrýstingur af gas gerður í líkamanum?

    <p>Krafturinn sem er í dýpi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hverjir eru einkenni dýrmætir skaða vegna ofþrýstings af gas?

    <p>Sársauki í liðum og vöðvum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað hefur ekki áhrif á uppgufun af köfnunarefni úr líkamanum?

    <p>Fólk er lýst í meti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvaða meðferð leysir ekki bólgur í ofþrýstingssköðum?

    <p>Hreyfingarþjálfun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvernig er venjuleg meðferð fyrir þjáningu vegna köfnunarefnis?

    <p>Andjörðun með hreinu súrefni</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvernig verður hár þrýstingur í stoðkerfi stundum?

    <p>Gæðastigers í djúpa dýpi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað getur valdið alvarlegum efnaskiptavandamálum þegar kafar fer á miklu dýpi?

    <p>Neurodegenerative sjúkdómur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvernig er hægt að koma í veg fyrir köfnunarefnisgalla?

    <p>Að skipta út köfnunarefni með helium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hver eru einkenni cerebralar gas emboli?

    <p>Minni skynjun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað er ólíklegt að hafa áhrif á efnaskipti þegar kafari fer á dýrum dýpi?

    <p>Kafa í lágu dýpi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hver eru einkenni barotrauma?

    <p>Dýrmætir skaðar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hvað er ekki einn af eðlilegum meðferðum fyrir dýrmætiskerðingu?

    <p>Gæðum að leita að sólarupprás</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Diving Safety and Decompression Sickness

    • Diving Phases: Diving involves three key phases:

      • Descent (Compression): Pressure increases with depth, causing gases (especially nitrogen) to dissolve into blood and tissues. This is typically not immediately problematic. Pressure increase is 1 atm for every 10 meters.
      • Isopression: Constant depth; pressure remains steady. No significant physiological changes occur.
      • Ascent (Decompression): Pressure decreases, and dissolved gases can come out of solution. A slow ascent is crucial to allow gases to be exhaled safely, otherwise, bubbles form leading to decompression sickness. Rapid ascents are dangerous.
    • Ascent Rate: Recommended ascent rate is no faster than 10 meters per minute.

    • Breath-Hold Ascents and Barotrauma: Breath-holding during ascent can cause pulmonary barotrauma (lung injury) due to trapped air expanding. Divers should breathe continuously during the ascent, releasing expanding air.

    • Decompression Sickness (DCS): A condition arising when dissolved gases form bubbles in tissues during ascent.

      • Mechanism: Defined by Henry's law, DCS occurs when gases come out of solution during the decompression phase at an unsafe rate, causing bubble formation. Factors affecting saturation/desaturation: pressure, time, tissue perfusion, and absorption (fatty tissue absorbs nitrogen faster). Dive depth, time spent at a given depth, and other physiological factors like blood flow and tissue composition, all affect the likelihood of DCS
      • Symptoms: Range from mild (joint pain, fatigue) to severe (paralysis, loss of consciousness). Symptoms can appear immediately or be delayed by several days.
      • Types: DCS is categorized into types 1 and 2, based on the severity of symptoms. Type 1 generally involves skin and musculoskeletal symptoms. Type 2 encompasses more serious neurological effects.
    • Recompression Therapy: A treatment for DCS involves increasing pressure to shrink bubbles and allow safe re-dissolution of gases into the bloodstream. This treatment involves breathing 100% oxygen and gradually decreasing pressure.

    • Other Diving Hazards:

      • Accidents: Common issues include diving into shallow water, hyperextension of the spine (especially the neck), and issues related to entering the water.
      • Safety Precautions: Physical & mental fitness, buddy system, proper training, pre-dive equipment checks, dive plans, and avoiding alcohol are crucial.
      • Diving Fitness: Respiratory conditions, ear surgery, addictions, uncontrolled diabetes, mental instability, and obesity can affect diving safety and should be assessed before diving.
      • Respiratory Fitness Assessment: Spirometry (including FEV1, FVC, and PEF) is used to evaluate pulmonary fitness. Results need to be above 80% for FEV1 and PEF, and >70% FEV1/FVC to meet diving standards.
    • Specific DCS Types:

      • CAGE (Cerebral Arterial Gas Embolism): Bubbles entering the arterial blood stream from pulmonary barotrauma/over inflated lungs. This is typically a severe and rapid-onset condition.
      • High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS): Neurological effects due to rapid compression at extreme depths.
      • Nitrogen Narcosis: Impaired judgment and motor skills from high nitrogen concentrations in the blood at depths exceeding 30 meters.
      • Oxygen Toxicity: Excessive oxygen at high pressure, producing CNS and pulmonary symptoms.
    • General: Accidents during entry and exit, specific physical or mental health considerations are essential to consider before diving. Adequate planning and equipment checks are fundamental to ensuring a safe dive.

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    Description

    Þetta quiz snýst um öryggisreglur við dýfingar og áhrif ákveðinna aðferða á líkamann. Það útskýrir mikilvægi hægða í klifra og hvernig gasið leysist upp í blóðinu. Kynntu þér hvenær hætta er á sundgasa-ansjúk við ranga aðferð.

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