Durkheim's Structural Functionalism Theory

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What do theoretical paradigms in sociology represent?

Fundamental assumptions guiding sociologists' thinking and research (correct)

Historical events shaping societal structures

Biases towards specific groups within society

Model for how different societies interact

How are the three models of society described in the text important?

They predict future societal trends

They represent historical civilizations

They enforce strict societal norms

They offer different perspectives on the social world (correct)

What is a paradigm in sociology mainly composed of?

Set of concepts and theories (correct)

Linguistic patterns

Historical events timeline

Political ideologies

Why might theoretical paradigms in sociology seem prejudicial at first?

Due to having certain biases in mind (B) Signup and view all the answers

In sociology, what do the three perspectives of society help in understanding?

Different aspects of the social world (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of theoretical paradigms in sociology?

Guiding sociologists' research and thinking (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to structural functionalism, society is seen as a complex system where different parts work together to promote what?

Social order and stability (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are manifest functions in structural functionalism?

Obvious consequences of a structure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criticism of structural functionalism regarding change?

It struggles to explain why change occurs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory imagines society as composed of groups that struggle over scarce resources?

Conflict theory (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Karl Marx, which was the central conflict in society under capitalism?

Conflict between capitalists and workers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a latent function in the context of social structures?

Unintended or unrecognized consequences (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which founder of sociology first proposed the theory of class conflict?

Karl Marx (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the community in the text turns to the gang for help?

They lack support from official sources. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the narrator learn about the community while interacting with them?

They have similar traits that transcend racial and social divides. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why did the narrator become a 'kind of gang leader' for a day according to the text?

To understand the difficulties faced by gang leaders. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the narrator's observations during the day spent as a gang leader?

Difficult decisions are required even for seemingly minor tasks. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the living conditions of the community that relies on the street gang?

Dependent on illegal sources for basic needs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental issue does the text highlight about relying on street gangs for survival?

It creates a detrimental way of life requiring dependence on crime. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of symbolic interactionism?

Analyzing individual social situations and meanings (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist is credited with first introducing the concept of Verstehen in sociology?

Max Weber (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does symbolic interactionism view reality?

As a product of everyday social interactions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which sociological perspective focuses on how large structures fit together?

Structural functionalism (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why did street gang members initially hold the speaker hostage in a stairwell?

They thought he was a rival gang member (A) Signup and view all the answers

How did JP, the street gang leader, view the speaker after learning about his background?

As a person who could tell his story to the world (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for JP's return to run the street gang in his neighborhood?

To help his community despite having mainstream experience (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does symbolic interactionism define reality creation through interactions?

By assigning meaning to interactions and objects (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does structural functionalism primarily focus on?

Understanding large structures within society (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes symbolic interactionism from structural functionalism and conflict theory?

Its emphasis on shared reality creation through interactions (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of assumptions in sociology according to the text?

To provide multiple perspectives for interpreting raw facts. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes macro-level questions in sociology from micro-level questions?

Macro questions consider broad-scale structures. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between macro and micro orientations in sociology?

They are interconnected and impact each other. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical paradigm in sociology originated with Emile Durkheim?

Structural functionalism (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do scientific disciplines use different perspectives according to the text?

To ask different types of questions (A) Signup and view all the answers

In sociology, what do assumptions about the social world help in doing?

Making raw facts useful (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are raw facts considered 'raw' according to the text?

'Raw' because they are simple descriptions of empirical reality (D) Signup and view all the answers

'Is 5% an acceptable unemployment rate?' exemplifies which aspect of sociology discussed in the text?

Use of assumptions to interpret raw facts (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between macro and micro questions in sociology?

Macro questions focus on large-scale structures, while micro questions focus on individual interactions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What term does the text use to describe Newton's feeling of disconnect between her subjective and objective self?

Me (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does Newton find solace and lose herself in a different self?

Dancing and acting (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the modern concept of self according to Newton?

Heavily influenced by capitalism and industrialization (C) Signup and view all the answers

What concept in psychology, mentioned in the text, involves a person being fully immersed in an activity with energized focus?

Flow (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does Newton suggest we should address the struggle with self according to the text?

Connect to something larger and embrace common essence (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest as a crucial step in overcoming feelings of alienation and developing a positive self-image?

Embracing unique identity and accepting differences (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the speaker's self differ from the traditional notion of a constant self?

The speaker's self was constantly evolving and being rejected (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the speaker's experience growing up as a biracial child in England in the '70s?

Feeling like an anomaly and constantly seeking definition and belonging (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the speaker's experience relate to the concept of 'the looking glass self'?

The speaker lacked constructive mirrors for self-reflection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Newton believe is the primary process through which one forms their self-identity?

Separating from oneness experienced in infancy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did the speaker realize about their self after noticing a pattern of its destruction and evolution?

The self is constantly evolving and not constant (D) Signup and view all the answers

What role does Sudhir Venkatesh play in the field research on street gangs?

Participant as Observer (A) Signup and view all the answers

What ethical challenge is commonly associated with the Undisclosed Observer role?

Privacy concerns (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did Natalie Purcell find in her content analysis of popular porn movies?

Presence of aggressive and abusive acts (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does Alex describe his struggle with consuming porn over the years?

Like experiencing sober periods with relapses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What has been the trend in the aggressiveness of porn since the 70s?

It has become increasingly more aggressive and humiliating (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does Alex feel about the influence of porn on society?

He advocates for a society not shaped by porn standards (C) Signup and view all the answers

In what decade did Natalie Purcell conduct her content analysis of popular porn movies?

2000s (C) Signup and view all the answers

What approach does the speaker believe is a good start in addressing the issue of porn consumption?

Teaching critical thinking (A) Signup and view all the answers

What positive change did the message received on Instagram mention after quitting porn?

Improved overall well-being (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the message received on Instagram to the speaker?

It signaled a major victory in the battle against porn consumption (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the message received on Instagram align with the speaker's goals at Changing Attitudes?

Emphasizing the importance of education on the issue (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did Dr. Valerie Voon's study reveal about compulsive porn users?

They have a stronger urge for porn but not a higher sexual desire. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe the impact of pornography on the reward pathway in the brain?

It can hijack the reward pathway and lead to addictive behaviors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the proposed strategies to address the impact of pornography?

Including a critical discussion about porn in educational institutions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the father's advice on how to talk to kids about porn, as mentioned in the text?

'Have the conversation while driving your car' as it allows for indirect communication. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What similarity did Dr. Valerie Voon find between compulsive porn users and those addicted to drugs?

Both groups showed similarities on several levels. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How did compulsive porn users differ from healthy volunteers in terms of response to pornography?

Compulsive users showed a stronger response and urge for porn. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of addiction did Dr. Valerie Voon's study focus on regarding compulsive porn users?

Their similarities on several levels with drug addicts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the study by Anna Bridget’s and associates?

Physical aggression in mainstream porn (D) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what was the unexpected response of individuals to aggression in porn compared to real life?

Neutral or positive reactions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What notable observation did the speaker make regarding teenagers' consumption of pornography?

Their consumption led to unsuccessful attempts to quit (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what way did a child's perception of porn affect a conversation with their parents, as mentioned in the text?

The child thought their parents engaged in similar acts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did a concerned boyfriend mentioned in the text consider doing as a result of his girlfriend not behaving like actors in porn?

Trying aggressive acts (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why did a guy mentioned in the text feel insecure about his girlfriend's lack of screams and moans like in porn?

'My performance is lacking' (A) Signup and view all the answers

What significant realization did the speaker have about children's exposure to pornography?

They are heavily influenced by it, affecting their self-esteem. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main concerns brought up by the speaker regarding the impact of pornography exposure on individuals?

Pressure to conform to unrealistic standards. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Portugal's War on Drugs in the late 20th century?

Worsening of the heroin epidemic (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why did Portugal face an opioid crisis in the late 20th century?

Because of easy access to heroin after transitioning to democracy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for Portugal's government to change its approach to combating addiction and drug abuse?

Ineffectiveness of the War on Drugs strategy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why did half of Portugal's inmates end up incarcerated for drug-related reasons by the late 1990s?

As a result of strict punishments for drug use and possession (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effect did Portugal's open economy have on the country's drug situation?

Led to an influx of drugs (B) Signup and view all the answers

How did Portugal's opioid crisis compare to the current situation in the U.S regarding addiction rates?

Portugal had more than double the addiction rate of the U.S (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was a major change brought about by Portugal's new National Drug Strategy in 2001?

Decriminalization of all illegal substances (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dissuasion committees in Portugal's approach to drug addiction?

Dissuading individuals from drug habits (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Portugal's drug strategy that could serve as inspiration for other countries like the U.S.?

Decriminalizing all illegal substances (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the measures to combat the growing HIV epidemic among drug users in Portugal?

Distributing clean needles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of Portugal's new National Drug Strategy in terms of overdose deaths?

Significant reduction in overdose deaths (D) Signup and view all the answers

Who typically made up Portugal's dissuasion committees to deal with drug offenders?

Local psychiatrist, social worker, and attorney (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge the U.S. faced in adopting a strategy similar to Portugal's?

A more business-oriented approach to addiction treatment (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to making people more willing to seek help for addiction in Portugal?

"Removing the threat of criminal offense" (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the origins of Canadian society?

They are rooted in systemic discrimination. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text characterize systemic racism in Canada?

It is a normalizing force that is pervasive. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did Commissioner Brenda Lucki initially struggle with according to the text?

Understanding the concept of systemic racism. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What historical events do both Canada and the U.S. share according to the text?

Attempts at genocide on Indigenous peoples. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is highlighted as a common myth in comparing Canada to the U.S. in the text?

Canada is fundamentally different from the U.S. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was Jagmeet Singh criticized for by the Bloc's leader?

Refusing to apologize for his actions (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text describe systemic racism in Canada?

Permeates all aspects of society. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as a necessary action to combat racism according to the text?

Calling out and naming racist behaviors (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text criticize performative gestures like 'taking a knee'?

They distract from addressing real issues (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is silence equated with violence in combating racism?

Silence demonstrates acceptance of racist behavior (D) Signup and view all the answers

What did the text suggest as a meaningful way for individuals to contribute towards combating racism?

Writing to education boards for curriculum changes (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text advocate for addressing racism on a larger scale beyond symbolism?

Through systemic changes in policies and practices (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the historical purpose of the RCMP in Canada, specifically on the Prairies?

To suppress Indigenous dissent (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why did many Black people return to the U.S. after the Civil War?

Conditions in the U.S. were as bad as on the other side of the border (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main concerns raised about policing in Canada from the text?

Brutalizing and killing Black and Indigenous people (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does defunding the police aim to achieve according to the text?

Reevaluate existing structures and appropriateness of policing (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why do Black and Indigenous people make up a disproportionately high percentage of the federal prison population in Canada?

Institutional racism and historical injustices (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary historical reason for the emergence of police forces in relation to slavery in the U.S.?

To catch enslaved people who ran away (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is a better approach to handling interpersonal conflicts than involving the police?

Communities dealing with conflicts using available resources (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue raised about the relationship between society and policing in Canada from the text?

'Paying for police officers to brutalize and kill at disproportionate rates' (C) Signup and view all the answers