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Questions and Answers
According to the text, which philosopher believed that society constitutes a separate 'level' of reality, distinct from both biological and inorganic matter?
According to the text, which philosopher believed that society constitutes a separate 'level' of reality, distinct from both biological and inorganic matter?
- Mauss
- Comte (correct)
- Rousseau
- Durkheim
According to the text, what term did Durkheim use to refer to the social bonds that are strong among members of pre-industrial societies?
According to the text, what term did Durkheim use to refer to the social bonds that are strong among members of pre-industrial societies?
- Mechanical solidarity (correct)
- Social cohesion
- Solidarity bonds
- Organic solidarity
According to the text, how are complex societies held together according to Durkheim?
According to the text, how are complex societies held together according to Durkheim?
- Through social hierarchy and power
- Through specialization and interdependence (correct)
- Through economic systems and exchange
- Through shared values and common symbols
According to the text, what is the central concern of structural functionalism?
According to the text, what is the central concern of structural functionalism?
Who is considered the first true sociological functionalist?
Who is considered the first true sociological functionalist?
According to Spencer, what analogy does he use to describe society?
According to Spencer, what analogy does he use to describe society?
What are the three functional needs or prerequisites that produce selection pressures according to Spencer?
What are the three functional needs or prerequisites that produce selection pressures according to Spencer?
What does Spencer argue is the solution to the problems that emerge with increasing population in society?
What does Spencer argue is the solution to the problems that emerge with increasing population in society?
According to functionalism, society is seen as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
According to functionalism, society is seen as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
According to functionalism, society can be compared to a body, with different parts working together for its proper functioning.
According to functionalism, society can be compared to a body, with different parts working together for its proper functioning.
According to functionalism, social structures such as norms, customs, traditions, and institutions play a crucial role in maintaining society.
According to functionalism, social structures such as norms, customs, traditions, and institutions play a crucial role in maintaining society.
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Study Notes
Sociological Theory
- Durkheim believed that society constitutes a separate 'level' of reality, distinct from both biological and inorganic matter.
Social Bonds
- Durkheim referred to the social bonds that are strong among members of pre-industrial societies as "mechanical solidarity".
Social Cohesion
- According to Durkheim, complex societies are held together by "organic solidarity", which arises from the interdependence of individuals with specialized roles.
Structural Functionalism
- The central concern of structural functionalism is the problem of order, or how society achieves cohesion and stability.
Key Thinkers
- Herbert Spencer is considered the first true sociological functionalist.
Societal Analogies
- Spencer uses the analogy of a biological organism to describe society, with different parts working together to promote its proper functioning.
Functional Needs
- According to Spencer, three functional needs or prerequisites produce selection pressures: adaptation, specification, and integration.
Social Problems
- Spencer argues that the solution to the problems that emerge with increasing population in society is the development of more complex social institutions.
Functionalism
- In functionalism, society is seen as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
- Social structures such as norms, customs, traditions, and institutions play a crucial role in maintaining society.
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