Drugs for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's - Key Points
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common form of parkinsonism?

  • Pseudoparkinsonism
  • Wilson disease
  • Parkinson disease (correct)
  • Alzheimer disease

Which neurotransmitters are implicated in causing Parkinson disease?

  • Serotonin and glutamate
  • Endorphins and anandamide
  • Dopamine and acetylcholine (correct)
  • GABA and norepinephrine

What is the main effect of Parkinson disease on the body?

  • Affects posture and locomotion (correct)
  • Visual disturbances
  • Memory impairment
  • Cognitive dysfunction

What theory suggests the cause of Alzheimer disease to be degeneration of cholinergic neurons?

<p>Cholinergic hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs can cause pseudoparkinsonism as an adverse reaction?

<p>Lithium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nonpharmacologic measures can lessen symptoms of parkinsonism?

<p>Exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain experiences degeneration in Parkinson disease?

<p>Substantia nigra (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parkinson disease is characterized by which neurotransmitter imbalance?

<p>Dopamine and glutamate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurologic tract does Parkinson disease affect?

<p>Extrapyramidal motor tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter deficiency is associated with Alzheimer disease?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder with marked cognitive dysfunction?

<p>Alzheimer disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is considered inhibitory?

<p>Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of symptomatic movement disorders in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug category aims to replace the dopamine deficit in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Dopamine replacements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbidopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease?

<p>Inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase in the peripheral nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug acts directly on dopamine receptors in the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, and GI tract?

<p>Bromocriptine mesylate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors in Parkinson's disease treatment?

<p>Prevent the breakdown of dopamine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors when taken with a levodopa preparation?

<p>Prolong the action of levodopa (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is recommended by the FDA to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis?

<p>Pimavanserin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common side effects of anticholinergic drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease?

<p>Dry mouth and urinary retention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may occur with high levodopa dosages?

<p>Impaired voluntary movement (dyskinesia) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect may high doses of selegiline have?

<p>Hypertensive crisis due to tyramine metabolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be frequently monitored when taking tolcapone?

<p>Serum liver enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Alzheimer disease?

<p>Marked cognitive dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors are thought to influence the occurrence of Alzheimer disease?

<p>Genetic predisposition and environmental factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors work in treating Alzheimer disease?

<p>By increasing acetylcholine in neuron receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of AChE inhibitors in treating Alzheimer disease?

<p>Increasing cognitive function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a reversible AChE inhibitor used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer disease?

<p>Galantamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aside from memory loss, what other symptom is commonly associated with Alzheimer disease?

<p>Aggressive behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter does AChE inhibitor drugs like donepezil affect?

<p>Acetylcholine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current status of finding a cure for Alzheimer disease?

<p>'The cure for Alzheimer disease is unknown' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of Alzheimer disease according to the text?

<p>Multiple factors including genetic predisposition, virus, infection, or inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drugs are considered AChE inhibitors according to the text?

<p>Tacrine and galantamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these symptoms is NOT commonly associated with Alzheimer disease?

<p>Muscle weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of dementia is Alzheimer disease?

<p>Irreversible dementia only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Parkinsonism Overview

  • The most prevalent form of parkinsonism is idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
  • Major neurotransmitters involved in Parkinson's disease include dopamine, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine.
  • Parkinson's disease primarily leads to motor dysfunction due to the degeneration of neurons and resultant neurotransmitter imbalances.

Alzheimer Disease Insights

  • Cholinergic hypothesis suggests that degeneration of cholinergic neurons is a major cause of Alzheimer disease.
  • The chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by significant cognitive dysfunction is Alzheimer disease.
  • Factors influencing the occurrence of Alzheimer disease include age, genetics, and environmental influences.

Neurological Disruptions

  • Degeneration in Parkinson's disease primarily affects the substantia nigra region of the brain.
  • Parkinson's disease disrupts the nigrostriatal pathway, involved in motor control.
  • Deficiency of acetylcholine is implicated in Alzheimer disease, leading to cognitive decline.

Medications and Treatments

  • Dopamine agonists directly stimulate dopamine receptors, affecting the central nervous system.
  • Carbidopa is used to enhance the effectiveness of levodopa by inhibiting its peripheral conversion to dopamine.
  • Monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors are employed to slow the breakdown of dopamine, enhancing availability in the brain.
  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors are used in conjunction with levodopa to prolong its effects by preventing its metabolism.
  • The FDA-approved drug for treating hallucinations and delusions in Parkinson's disease is pimavanserin.

Treatment Side Effects and Monitoring

  • Anticholinergic drugs for Parkinson's may cause side effects such as dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision.
  • High dosages of levodopa can lead to dyskinesias or fluctuations in symptom control, while excessive selegiline can increase the risk of side effects.
  • Regular liver function tests are essential when administering tolcapone due to potential hepatotoxicity.

Alzheimer Treatments

  • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors improve symptoms by increasing acetylcholine availability, enhancing cognitive function.
  • Donepezil is a reversible AChE inhibitor approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer disease treatment.
  • Symptoms often associated with Alzheimer disease include memory loss and changes in personality or behavior, but not typically visual spatial abilities.

Current Understanding and Status

  • There is currently no cure for Alzheimer disease, with ongoing research focusing on understanding its etiology and potential treatments.
  • AChE inhibitors are a crucial class of drugs aiming to manage cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer disease.

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Learn the key points about Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, including their characteristics, symptoms, and theories about their causes.

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