Neurodegenerative Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What primary symptom is associated with Parkinson’s Disease?

  • Uncontrolled movements
  • Severe memory loss
  • Slow movements and tremor (correct)
  • Weakness and paralysis

    • Which neurodegenerative disorder is primarily linked to dementia?

  • Alzheimer’s Disease (correct)
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  • Huntington’s Disease

    • What is a characteristic feature of Huntington’s Disease?

  • Gradual muscle weakness
  • severe tremor
  • Uncontrolled movements (correct)
  • Progressive loss of memory

    • What process contributes to neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative disorders?

    <p>Protein aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the progression of dementia?

    <p>It typically worsens over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do DNA and RNA defects have on neurodegenerative diseases?

    <p>They result in dysfunctional proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of all neurodegenerative disorders mentioned?

    <p>They involve neuronal cell death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions is specifically associated with the motor neurons?

    <p>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) on cognitive function?

    <p>Disruption of synaptic signaling and plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are first affected in Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Cerebral cortex and basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by the presence of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein in the hippocampus and amygdala?

    <p>Argyrophilic Grain Disease (AGD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical feature associated with the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Dementia and memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition may individuals experience difficulties with balance, movement, and vision?

    <p>Progressive Supranuclear Palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily targeted by drugs used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of Pick's Disease?

    <p>Behavioral changes and personality alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic factor is associated with familial Alzheimer's disease (Early Onset)?

    <p>Mutations in the APP gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In neurodegenerative disorders, what is a common feature of the neuropathology observed?

    <p>Aggregation of specific proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism linked to Chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) from other tauopathies?

    <p>Characterized by MAPT gene mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease concept related to Prion diseases primarily centered on?

    <p>Misfolded proteins causing neurodegeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Aβ and NFTs play in neuroinflammation?

    <p>They activate glial cells, causing inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical risk factor for developing Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Regular physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tauopathies is associated with cognitive decline and parkinsonism?

    <p>Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism linked to Chromosome 17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical feature is least likely observed in the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Severe communication difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of neurodegenerative diseases do characteristic aggregating proteins relate to?

    <p>Mechanisms of cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common early symptom of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Confusion and memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of moderate symptoms in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Anxiety, agitation, and paranoia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the production of beta-amyloid peptides in Alzheimer's disease pathology?

    <p>Abnormal processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom indicates severe Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Loss of bladder and bowel control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily affected by Alzheimer's disease progression?

    <p>Cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of beta-amyloid aggregation?

    <p>Formation of amyloid plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as part of Alzheimer's disease progression?

    <p>Loss of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of hyperphosphorylation of tau protein?

    <p>It detaches tau from microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary feature of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>They consist of aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the amyloid precursor protein (APP) play under normal physiological conditions?

    <p>It contributes to neural growth and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does β-amyloid affect neuronal function?

    <p>It induces oxidative stress and impairs communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathological form of β-amyloid associated with Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Hard, insoluble fibrils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronic inflammation in the context of neurodegeneration?

    <p>Enhanced glial cell activation causing toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily triggers the production of neurotoxic oligomers of β-amyloid?

    <p>Abnormal processing of APP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the formation of amyloid plaques have on surrounding brain tissues?

    <p>It leads to local inflammatory tissue response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of β-secretase in the formation of β-amyloid?

    <p>It cleaves the APP to form abnormal Aβ1-42.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of soluble oligomers disrupting neuronal membrane integrity?

    <p>Loss of synapses and neuron death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein forms neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Tau protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following secretases is primarily responsible for normal APP processing?

    <p>α-secretase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Aβ peptides and tau tangles interact in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Tau tangles can exacerbate Aβ aggregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the microtubule structure in neurons during Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>It collapses and loses functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of activating cell death pathways in neurons?

    <p>Neuron death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'amyloidogenic' refer to in the context of APP processing?

    <p>Leads to the formation of toxic Aβ proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of disruptions in cytoskeletal structure within neurons?

    <p>Impaired cellular shape and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most closely associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Family history of dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the progression of vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Stepwise or fluctuating cognitive decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark feature of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Impairment of synaptic transmission between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of aberrant proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases?

    <p>It maintains balance in protein synthesis, folding, and degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the average lifespan after an Alzheimer's disease diagnosis characterized?

    <p>4-8 years with individual variations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is particularly associated with the initial stages of vascular dementia?

    <p>Gradual onset of judgment impairments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily leads to the neuronal death observed in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Formation of neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles predominantly in the brainstem and basal ganglia regions?

    <p>Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is most commonly associated with Argyrophilic Grain Disease (AGD)?

    <p>Cognitive decline, particularly in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tauopathy is specifically linked to mutations in the MAPT gene located on chromosome 17?

    <p>Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism linked to Chromosome 17 (FTDP-17)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily characterized by behavioral changes and language difficulties due to tau protein aggregates?

    <p>Pick's Disease (Frontotemporal Dementia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders does NOT typically involve symptoms such as cognitive decline and movement difficulties?

    <p>Argyrophilic Grain Disease (AGD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of neuroinflammation triggered by Aβ and NFTs?

    <p>Damage to neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is unlikely to be present in early-stage Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism linked to Chromosome 17 (FTDP-17)?

    <p>Severe motor dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein accumulation is characteristic of Pick's Disease?

    <p>Pick bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region is first affected in most neurodegenerative disorders?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical feature is most commonly associated with the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of proteins are identified as characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases?

    <p>Aggregating proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common drug class used for Alzheimer's Disease treatment?

    <p>Cholinesterase inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathological change is primarily linked to Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Amyloid plaque formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of memory loss in Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Disruption of synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily characterized by the presence of misfolded proteins affecting neuronal function?

    <p>Prion diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is least likely to be observed in the early stages of Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>Significant behavioral changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of severe Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Loss of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom during the moderate stage of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Difficulty with personal care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>It is involved in the abnormal processing leading to beta-amyloid peptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom would most likely indicate the onset of mild cognitive impairment (MCI)?

    <p>Confusion and memory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathological significance of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>They disrupt cell membrane integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options lists a symptom that typically progresses to severe stage Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Difficulty in routine tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial trigger in the process involving beta-amyloid production in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Abnormal APP processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which hyperphosphorylation of tau protein contributes to neurodegeneration?

    <p>It facilitates the detachment of tau from microtubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is exacerbated by chronic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Neurotoxic environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of beta-amyloid monomers aggregating into oligomers?

    <p>They cause oxidative stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles within neurons?

    <p>Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological feature is primarily associated with the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Formation of insoluble beta-amyloid plaques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do microglia and astrocytes play in the context of amyloid and tau pathologies?

    <p>They respond to and exacerbate inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of beta-amyloid is primarily associated with initiating Alzheimer's disease pathology?

    <p>Aβ42.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the formation of amyloid plaques have on synaptic function?

    <p>They disrupt synaptic function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormal form of beta-amyloid is primarily associated with amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Aβ1-42</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which secretase is responsible for cleaving APP in the Alzheimer’s disease mechanism, resulting in abnormal processing?

    <p>β-secretase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of tau pathology, what is the consequence of the collapse of the microtubule structure?

    <p>Disruption of intracellular transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interaction occurs between Aβ peptides and tau tangles in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Mutual promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main consequence of soluble oligomers disrupting neuronal membrane integrity?

    <p>Synaptic loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tau protein under normal physiological conditions?

    <p>Stabilization of microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological feature is primarily linked to the neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Formation of neurofibrillary tangles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fragmentation occurs during the pathological processing of APP in Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Amyloidogenic fragmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neurodegenerative Processes

    • CNS Year 2 Semester 1 Course
    • Lecturer: Niamh Connolly (RCSI-IE): Dr. Colin Greengrass (RCSI-BH)
    • Date: 27.11.2023

    Contents of the Slides

    • Learn the mechanisms, systems, and principles shown on the slide, but not all the detail
    • Understand context and linked context
    • Recognize the signs of the condition
    • Outline brain regions affected by common neurodegenerative disorders
    • Outline neuropathology and biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease
    • Discuss risk factors for Alzheimer's disease
    • List common drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease
    • Describe the disease concept and pathophysiology of Prion diseases

    Neurodegenerative Disorders

    • Brain regions
    • Aggregating proteins
    • Genetics

    Hallmarks of Neurodegenerative Diseases

    • Genes and characteristic aggregating proteins linked to and affected brain regions in neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs)
    • Examples include Parkinson’s disease, dementia, Huntington’s disease, Tauopathies, a-synuclein, Pick’s disease, tau, MAPT, SNCA, PINK1, PARK7/DJ1, PRKN/Parkin, ATP13A2, VPS35, LRRK2, GBA, HTT, APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, PRNP, SCA, ALS (SOD1), FUS, TARDP, TDP43, FTD, GRN, VCP, TBK1, ANXA11, CHMP2B, SQSTM1, C9ORF72, UBQLN2, PFN1, KIF5A, VAPB, HNRNPA1, NEK1, OPTN, and TUBA4A

    Neurodegeneration and Specific Areas Affected

    • Table with diseases, brain regions affected, and clinical presentations: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Motor neuron disease), and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

    Dementia

    • Significant loss of intellectual abilities (memory, concentration, judgment), causing impairment in daily activities
    • Not temporary confusion or forgetfulness
    • Typically worsening over time
    • Associated with many neurodegenerative disorders, with Alzheimer's being the leading cause (dementia is not the same as Alzheimer's)
    • Atrophy of the brain is observed in advanced stages

    Neurodegenerative Disorders (General)

    • Gradual dysfunction of neurons over time leads to death
    • Examples: Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington’s diseases
    • Chronic, progressive, pathological disorders, including sporadic and rare inherited (familial) forms

    Alzheimer's Disease Pathology (AD)

    • Two hallmarks: neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
    • Significant Brain atrophy in the advanced stages of AD

    Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease

    • Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) processing leads to beta-amyloid (Αβ) peptide production.
    • Imbalance in Aβ production and clearance results in aggregation and amyloid plaque formation.
    • Abnormal tau phosphorylation detaches tau from microtubules, forming neurofibrillary tangles.
    • Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles disrupt synaptic function and contribute to neuronal loss, especially in the hippocampus and cortex, leading to brain atrophy.

    Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)

    • Large transmembrane protein that contributes to neural growth and repair
    • Essential for development, survival, post-injury repair, and synaptic plasticity

    Beta (β) Amyloid

    • Pathophysiological extracellular accumulation leading to amyloid plaques
    • Hard, insoluble plaques between cells cause inflammation
    • Monomers or oligomers of β-Amyloid may be more toxic to cells

    Toxicity of Beta Amyloid Forms

    • Formation of soluble neurotoxic oligomers from beta-amyloid monomers
    • Disrupts synaptic communication and plasticity (crucial for memory)
    • Induce oxidative stress by disrupting calcium homeostasis and triggering cell death pathways.

    Secretases

    • Proteases that cleave APP into amyloid-β peptides
    • Normal AP processing is by a-secretase then y-secretase (generating Aβ1-40), while improper processing by β-secretase generates Aβ1-42 associated with AD progression

    Neurofibrillary Tangles

    • Insoluble fibres inside neurons (intracellular)
    • Consist of an abnormally phosphorylated protein, Tau (p-Tau)
    • Tau normally supports microtubule function, but in AD, tau is hyperphosphorylated and disrupts microtubules, leading to neuronal collapse

    Interactions between Amyloid/Neurofibrillary Pathologies

    • Aβ peptides can induce tau pathology, potentially exacerbating Aβ aggregation.
    • Both Aβ and NFTs disrupt synaptic signaling and plasticity, leading to cognitive decline.
    • Aβ and NFTs activate glial cells, leading to inflammation that damages neurons and supports further pathology

    Tauopathies

    • A group of disorders involving abnormal tau protein aggregation
    • Examples: Argyrophilic Grain Disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Pick's Disease (Frontotemporal dementia), and Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism linked to Chromosome 17 (FTDP-17)

    Familial Alzheimer's Disease (Early Onset)

    • Rare (<5%)
    • Early onset (<65 years)
    • Inherited through autosomal dominant inheritance, often appearing in families with multiple affected individuals
    • Caused by mutations or gene duplications in APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 genes

    Down's Syndrome and Increased Alzheimer's Risk

    • Trisomy 21 causes overexpression of APP, leading to increased amyloid-β production and younger-onset accumulation of amyloid plaques.
    • Results in disrupted endosomal-lysosomal function, affecting protein clearance.

    Risk Factors for Dementia (Based on Lancet Commission 2020)

    • 12 potentially modifiable risk factors account for ~40% of worldwide dementia cases.
    • Factors include: early life factors (less education, hearing loss), midlife factors (undiagnosed conditions), and later life factors (physical inactivity, diabetes, depression).

    Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease

    • Cause is unknown, represents 90% of all cases.
    • Usually develops after age 65.
    • Age is the primary risk factor.

    Apolipoprotein E (APOE)

    • Gene found on chromosome 19
    • Encodes a protein important for cholesterol transport
    • Exists in different alleles, with APOE ε4 being associated with a higher risk of AD

    Genetic Risk Factors - APOE

    • APOE ε4 allele is linked to increased amyloid plaques and tau NFTs in affected people, although the exact mechanism is still unclear

    Regional Specificity: Impact of Amyloid Plaques in the Hippocampus

    • Occupy physical space in the densely packed hippocampus, disrupting neural connections.
    • Trigger neuroinflammation, particularly harmful to the dense neuronal network in the hippocampus.
    • Cause energy deficits in the highly metabolic hippocampal neurons, affecting memory processing.

    Regional Specificity: Impact of Neurofibrillary Pathology in the Hippocampus

    • Tau pathology leads to microtubule destabilization, negatively impacting nutrient transport.
    • Impairs axonal transport, leading to a deficiency in synaptic molecules (neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and ion channels)

    Why is early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease important?

    • Significant neuronal loss and widespread pathology often present.
    • Treatment is less effective once clinical symptoms become evident.
    • Early markers like tau and amyloid may be present before symptoms manifest, enabling earlier interventions and potentially slowing the progression.

    Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Biomarkers

    • Biofluid biomarkers (e.g., CSF analysis) can analyze tau and amyloid-β levels.
    • Imaging biomarkers such as PET scans for visualizing tau/β-amyloid and MRI for structural brain changes can assist in early diagnosis.
    • Genetic screening can identify mutations (e.g., in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE) for early- and late-onset disease.

    Alzheimer's Disease - Course

    • Identifiable biomarker changes of Aβ42, p-Tau can precede clinical symptoms by 20+ years.
    • These include preclinical and clinical phases.

    Neuropsychological Testing for AD Diagnosis

    • Various tests evaluate specific cognitive domains: memory (word list recall), problem-solving (Wisconsin Card Sorting), attention (digit span), vision-motor coordination (Trail Making Test), and abstract thinking (similarities)

    Current Pharmacological Therapy of AD

    • Primarily symptomatic treatment (e.g., cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA antagonists)
    • Little evidence affects underlying pathology.
    • Disease-modifying therapies are under development, with controversial efficacy.

    Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitors

    • Address cholinergic neurotransmission loss, increasing acetylcholine availability.
    • Examples: Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine.

    Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Clinical Considerations

    • Improve cognition, behavior, and daily functional ability,
    • But benefits are limited and only delays cognitive deterioration by approximately one year, often controversial.
    • Cholinergic side effects such as nausea, anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea are possible

    NMDA Antagonists (e.g., Memantine)

    • Non-competitive antagonists that bind to NMDA receptor-calcium channels.
    • Prevent excessive calcium influx caused by abnormal glutamate activity, thus protecting neurons from excitotoxicity.
    • Potentially slow neurodegeneration, improving cognitive function.

    NMDA Antagonists: Clinical Considerations

    • Effective for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease.
    • Clinical studies show improvement in cognition, social behavior, and functional ability (~60–70% response rate), though benefits are often controversial.
    • Often used in conjunction with cholinesterase inhibitors

    NMDA Antagonists: Adverse Effects

    • Dizziness, headache, constipation, and confusion

    Recent Approvals and Therapies Under Development

    • Lecanemab (Leqembi)
    • Donanemab
    • Saracatinib
    • Beta-secretase Inhibitors
    • Tau Therapies
    • Anti-Inflammatory agents

    Prion Diseases

    • Transmissible, untreatable, fatal brain diseases of mammals.
    • The normal Prion protein (PrP) is a membrane protein without known physiological function .
    • Abnormal, misfolded forms (PrPSc) are highly infectious, insoluble, and cause a chain reaction, leading to other PrP to misfold.
    • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is the most common human prion disease (incidence ~1/1,000,000).

    Other Neurodegenerative Diseases

    • Huntington's disease, characterized by AD (autosomal dominant inheritance in Huntingtin protein mutation), degeneration of GABAergic neurons, chorea, and trinucleotide repeats of CAG.
    • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease), characterized by degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons and sporadic and familial forms due to mutations in SOD, angiogenin, and RNA processing genes.

    Case Studies

    • Case 1: Sean F. – Deputy CEO, 55-years-old, presenting with progressive cognitive decline
    • Case 2: Mary D. – former school bus driver, 69-years-old, presenting with gradual forgetfulness, apathy, and decreased appetite

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and Huntington's Disease. This quiz covers key symptoms, characteristics, and the underlying biological processes contributing to these conditions. Perfect for students of neuroscience or anyone interested in understanding these critical health issues.

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