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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of occluding the lacrimal duct during the administration of ophthalmic drugs?
What is the primary purpose of occluding the lacrimal duct during the administration of ophthalmic drugs?
What interval should be observed between administering multiple types of eye drops?
What interval should be observed between administering multiple types of eye drops?
Which of the following statements is true regarding otitis externa treatment?
Which of the following statements is true regarding otitis externa treatment?
What is the first-line treatment option for otitis media in children?
What is the first-line treatment option for otitis media in children?
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Which factor can decrease the absorption of ophthalmic drugs?
Which factor can decrease the absorption of ophthalmic drugs?
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What is the main purpose of antiseptics in dermatologic drug therapy?
What is the main purpose of antiseptics in dermatologic drug therapy?
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Which type of drug is specifically used in the treatment of acne?
Which type of drug is specifically used in the treatment of acne?
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How does the choice of dermatologic agent typically depend on?
How does the choice of dermatologic agent typically depend on?
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Corticosteroids are primarily used topically for what purpose in dermatologic therapy?
Corticosteroids are primarily used topically for what purpose in dermatologic therapy?
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What is a commonly known adverse effect of retinoids such as isotretinoin?
What is a commonly known adverse effect of retinoids such as isotretinoin?
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What is the primary action of alpha2-adrenergic agonists such as brimonidine in glaucoma treatment?
What is the primary action of alpha2-adrenergic agonists such as brimonidine in glaucoma treatment?
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Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of cholinergic drugs like pilocarpine?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of cholinergic drugs like pilocarpine?
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What is the main therapeutic action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in treating glaucoma?
What is the main therapeutic action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in treating glaucoma?
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For which condition is ciprofloxacin primarily prescribed?
For which condition is ciprofloxacin primarily prescribed?
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What is an important guideline regarding the administration of ophthalmic drugs?
What is an important guideline regarding the administration of ophthalmic drugs?
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What adverse effect can be associated with the use of acetazolamide?
What adverse effect can be associated with the use of acetazolamide?
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What is the mechanism of action for corticosteroids like dexamethasone in eye treatments?
What is the mechanism of action for corticosteroids like dexamethasone in eye treatments?
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Which type of drug is brimonidine categorized as in the treatment of glaucoma?
Which type of drug is brimonidine categorized as in the treatment of glaucoma?
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What is the primary function of antiviral drugs like trifluridine in ophthalmic treatments?
What is the primary function of antiviral drugs like trifluridine in ophthalmic treatments?
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Which adverse effect is most likely linked to the use of timolol maleate?
Which adverse effect is most likely linked to the use of timolol maleate?
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What is the primary action of the drug ciprofloxacin in the treatment of necrotizing otitis externa?
What is the primary action of the drug ciprofloxacin in the treatment of necrotizing otitis externa?
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Which of the following medications is used for acute otitis media?
Which of the following medications is used for acute otitis media?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with amoxicillin?
What is a common adverse effect associated with amoxicillin?
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What is a common cause of otitis externa that relates to ear hygiene?
What is a common cause of otitis externa that relates to ear hygiene?
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Which type of medication is often used for treating deep tissue infections due to otitis externa in immunocompromised patients?
Which type of medication is often used for treating deep tissue infections due to otitis externa in immunocompromised patients?
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What is a key guideline for patients using anti-infective agents?
What is a key guideline for patients using anti-infective agents?
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For which condition is neomycin-polymyxin B-hydrocortisone specifically used?
For which condition is neomycin-polymyxin B-hydrocortisone specifically used?
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Which factor influences the systemic absorption of ophthalmic drugs in the presence of inflammation?
Which factor influences the systemic absorption of ophthalmic drugs in the presence of inflammation?
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What is the typical duration recommended for occluding the lacrimal duct after administering ophthalmic medication?
What is the typical duration recommended for occluding the lacrimal duct after administering ophthalmic medication?
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In the treatment of otitis media, which antibiotic is considered the first-line drug for children?
In the treatment of otitis media, which antibiotic is considered the first-line drug for children?
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Which type of drug is primarily used to debride wounds?
Which type of drug is primarily used to debride wounds?
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What is the main action of antivirals in dermatologic treatments?
What is the main action of antivirals in dermatologic treatments?
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Which drug category is strictly regulated by the FDA due to severe side effects, including potential reproductive and psychiatric effects?
Which drug category is strictly regulated by the FDA due to severe side effects, including potential reproductive and psychiatric effects?
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Which drug is primarily indicated for treating inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis?
Which drug is primarily indicated for treating inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis?
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What is the primary use of emollients and moisturizers in dermatologic therapies?
What is the primary use of emollients and moisturizers in dermatologic therapies?
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Which of the following drugs primarily reduces the production of aqueous humor in the treatment of glaucoma?
Which of the following drugs primarily reduces the production of aqueous humor in the treatment of glaucoma?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of pilocarpine in glaucoma treatment?
What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of pilocarpine in glaucoma treatment?
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Which class of drugs is most widely prescribed for glaucoma?
Which class of drugs is most widely prescribed for glaucoma?
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Timolol maleate is specifically contraindicated in which condition?
Timolol maleate is specifically contraindicated in which condition?
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Which of the following is a notable adverse effect of acetazolamide?
Which of the following is a notable adverse effect of acetazolamide?
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What is the therapeutic use of mannitol in ophthalmic care?
What is the therapeutic use of mannitol in ophthalmic care?
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How does dexamethasone function in treating eye conditions?
How does dexamethasone function in treating eye conditions?
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What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in treating glaucoma?
What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in treating glaucoma?
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Which of the following drugs is an immunosuppressant used to increase tear production?
Which of the following drugs is an immunosuppressant used to increase tear production?
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What is a common indication for using ciprofloxacin in ophthalmic therapy?
What is a common indication for using ciprofloxacin in ophthalmic therapy?
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Study Notes
Drugs for Glaucoma
- Prostaglandin analogs are widely used for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
- Prototype: bimatoprost (Latisse, Lumigan)
- Action: ocular hypotension
- Adverse effects: hyperpigmentation
- Beta-adrenergic blockers are used for chronic open-angle glaucoma, aphakic glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, and ocular hypertension.
- Prototype: timolol maleate
- Action: blocks beta1 & beta2 to reduce intraocular pressure
- Adverse effects: pain, systemic beta-adrenergic effects
- Alpha2-adrenergic agonists are used for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
- Prototype: brimonidine
- Action: reduces aqueous humor production
- Adverse effects: CV effects (hypo or hypertension, brady or tachycardia)
- Cholinergic drugs are used for chronic simple glaucoma and chronic and acute angle-closure glaucoma.
- Prototype: pilocarpine
- Action: stimulates cholinergic receptors, loss of accommodation, lowers intraocular pressure
- Adverse effects: burning, conjunctival vascular congestion, CNS headache, cardiopulmonary hypertension, tachycardia
Other Eye Medications
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used for open-angle and secondary glaucoma.
- Prototype: acetazolamide (oral), brinzolamide, dorzolamide
- Action: inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the eye, reducing aqueous humor formation and lowering intraocular pressure
- Adverse effects: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, agranulocytosis, anemia, metabolic acidosis
- Osmotic drugs are used for temporarily reducing IOP in acute attacks of glaucoma.
- Prototype: mannitol
- Antibacterial drugs are used for corneal ulcers and bacterial conjunctivitis.
- Prototype: ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone)
- Antiviral drugs are used for primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.
- Prototype: trifluridine
- Antifungal drugs are used for fungal blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis.
- Prototype: natamycin
- Antiallergic drugs are used for vernal keratitis, vernal conjunctivitis, and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
- Prototype: cromolyn sodium
- Corticosteroids are used to decrease inflammation.
- Prototype: dexamethasone
- Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to reduce inflammation after cataract extraction.
- Prototype: diclofenac
Ear Medications
- Otitis Externa: topical agents are most commonly used to deliver high concentrations of medication to infected tissue. Systemic medications are used if infection extends beyond the external canal or if the patient is immunocompromised.
- Otitis Media: oral amoxicillin is the drug of choice and cephalosporins are for those allergic to penicillins. Anti-infective, antiseptic, glucocorticoid, and acidifying agents, such as neomycin-polymyxin B-hydrocortisone, are used for acute external otitis media (topical eye drops).
Skin Medications
- Antimicrobials: topical presentation (e.g., Bacitracin, benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, mupirocin, silver sulfadiazine)
- Antifungals (e.g., butenafine, ciclopirox, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, nystatin)
- Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir)
- Antiseptics (kill or inhibit growth of bacteria, viruses or fungi; used primarily to prevent infection)
- Corticosteroids (topical use for dermatitis)
- Emollients and moisturizers
- Enzymes (e.g., trypsin, debride wounds)
- Immunosuppressants (Pimecrolimus, tacrolimus - both topical; for inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis)
- Keratolytics (e.g., keratin-containing skin conditions)
- Retinoids (e.g., isotretinoin; suppressing sebum production; primarily for acne)
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Description
This quiz covers essential medications used in the treatment of glaucoma, including prostaglandin analogs, beta-adrenergic blockers, alpha2-adrenergic agonists, and cholinergic drugs. Gain insights into their actions, prototypes, therapeutic uses, and potential adverse effects. Perfect for students in pharmacology or optometry.
