Drugs for Glaucoma Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of occluding the lacrimal duct during the administration of ophthalmic drugs?

  • To speed up the absorption process in the cornea
  • To prevent systemic absorption of the drug (correct)
  • To increase systemic absorption of the drug
  • To enhance the volume of the administered dose

What interval should be observed between administering multiple types of eye drops?

  • 1-3 minutes
  • 0-1 minute
  • 5-10 minutes (correct)
  • 15-20 minutes

Which of the following statements is true regarding otitis externa treatment?

  • Topical agents are most commonly used to treat the condition. (correct)
  • Topical agents are rarely effective in delivering medication.
  • Systemic medications are always indicated for all cases.
  • Oral anti-infective agents are the first choice for treatment.

What is the first-line treatment option for otitis media in children?

<p>Oral amoxicillin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can decrease the absorption of ophthalmic drugs?

<p>Occlusion of the lacrimal duct (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of antiseptics in dermatologic drug therapy?

<p>To prevent infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug is specifically used in the treatment of acne?

<p>Retinoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the choice of dermatologic agent typically depend on?

<p>Severity and location of the skin condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corticosteroids are primarily used topically for what purpose in dermatologic therapy?

<p>To decrease inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonly known adverse effect of retinoids such as isotretinoin?

<p>Psychiatric effects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of alpha2-adrenergic agonists such as brimonidine in glaucoma treatment?

<p>Reduces aqueous humor production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is commonly associated with the use of cholinergic drugs like pilocarpine?

<p>Burning sensation in the eye (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main therapeutic action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in treating glaucoma?

<p>Lowers intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which condition is ciprofloxacin primarily prescribed?

<p>Bacterial conjunctivitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important guideline regarding the administration of ophthalmic drugs?

<p>Topical administration is the most common route (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect can be associated with the use of acetazolamide?

<p>Agranulocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action for corticosteroids like dexamethasone in eye treatments?

<p>Decreases inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug is brimonidine categorized as in the treatment of glaucoma?

<p>Alpha2-adrenergic agonist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antiviral drugs like trifluridine in ophthalmic treatments?

<p>Address viral infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is most likely linked to the use of timolol maleate?

<p>Pain and systemic effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the drug ciprofloxacin in the treatment of necrotizing otitis externa?

<p>Inhibits bacterial growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is used for acute otitis media?

<p>Amoxicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with amoxicillin?

<p>Hypersensitivity to drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of otitis externa that relates to ear hygiene?

<p>Moisture in the ear canal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of medication is often used for treating deep tissue infections due to otitis externa in immunocompromised patients?

<p>Systemic medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key guideline for patients using anti-infective agents?

<p>Take the entire course of medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For which condition is neomycin-polymyxin B-hydrocortisone specifically used?

<p>Acute external otitis media (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the systemic absorption of ophthalmic drugs in the presence of inflammation?

<p>Altered blood supply (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration recommended for occluding the lacrimal duct after administering ophthalmic medication?

<p>3-5 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of otitis media, which antibiotic is considered the first-line drug for children?

<p>Amoxicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug is primarily used to debride wounds?

<p>Enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of antivirals in dermatologic treatments?

<p>Treat viral infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug category is strictly regulated by the FDA due to severe side effects, including potential reproductive and psychiatric effects?

<p>Retinoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is primarily indicated for treating inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis?

<p>Corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of emollients and moisturizers in dermatologic therapies?

<p>Provide lubrication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs primarily reduces the production of aqueous humor in the treatment of glaucoma?

<p>Brimonidine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of pilocarpine in glaucoma treatment?

<p>Burning sensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is most widely prescribed for glaucoma?

<p>Prostaglandin analogs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Timolol maleate is specifically contraindicated in which condition?

<p>Primary angle-closure glaucoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a notable adverse effect of acetazolamide?

<p>Stevens-Johnson syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of mannitol in ophthalmic care?

<p>Temporarily reduce intraocular pressure during emergencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dexamethasone function in treating eye conditions?

<p>Reduces inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in treating glaucoma?

<p>Inhibits aqueous humor formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is an immunosuppressant used to increase tear production?

<p>Cyclosporine emulsion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common indication for using ciprofloxacin in ophthalmic therapy?

<p>Managing bacterial conjunctivitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Topical Antimicrobials

Drugs used to treat bacterial, fungal, or viral skin infections applied directly to the skin.

Corticosteroids (Topical)

Drugs used to reduce inflammation in skin conditions like dermatitis, applied directly to the skin.

Retinoids (Isotretinoin)

Drugs that reduce sebum production, primarily used in acne treatment; strictly regulated due to potential severe side effects.

Antiseptics

Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, viruses, or fungi, primarily used for preventing infections.

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Emollients/Moisturizers

Lubricants used to keep skin moisturized.

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Ophthalmic drug absorption

Absorption of eye drops can be reduced by closing the tear duct for a short time after application.

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Otitis Externa

Inflammation of the outer ear canal (swimmer's ear).

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Otitis Externa treatment

Usually treated with topical medications for targeted delivery to the infected area.

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Otitis Media

Middle ear infection, more common in children.

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Otitis Media Treatment

Often treated with oral amoxicillin; alternatives for penicillin allergies.

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Prostaglandin analogs for glaucoma

Drugs that lower intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production, often used for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

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Beta-blockers for glaucoma

Drugs that block beta-receptors to reduce intraocular pressure, often used for chronic open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

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Alpha2-agonists for glaucoma

Drugs that reduce aqueous humor production to lower intraocular pressure, used for glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

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Cholinergic drugs for glaucoma

Drugs stimulating cholinergic receptors in the eye, affecting accommodation and lowering intraocular pressure, commonly used for glaucoma.

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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for glaucoma

Drugs inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, reducing aqueous humor formation to lower intraocular pressure, treating specific types of glaucoma.

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Osmotic drugs for glaucoma

Drugs that temporarily reduce intraocular pressure in acute glaucoma attacks, or before surgery.

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Antibacterial drug in eye

Treats corneal ulcers and bacterial infections of the conjunctiva.

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Antiviral drugs for eyes

Treats infections of the cornea and conjunctiva.

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Anti-inflammatory drugs for eye surgery/refractive surgery

Reduce inflammation after eye surgery.

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Topical administration of drugs in eye

Most common method of delivering medications to the eyes.

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Prostaglandin analogs

A group of drugs commonly used to treat glaucoma, they reduce pressure inside the eye by decreasing the production of fluid.

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Bimatoprost (Latisse)

A prototype drug within the prostaglandin analog class, primarily used for open-angle glaucoma and high eye pressure.

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Beta-adrenergic blockers

Medications that block specific receptors in the eye, resulting in reduced fluid production and lower eye pressure.

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Timolol maleate

A prototype drug within the beta-blocker class, used for various types of glaucoma and high eye pressure.

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Alpha2-adrenergic agonists

Drugs that stimulate specific receptors in the eye, leading to a decrease in fluid production and reduced eye pressure.

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Brimonidine

A prototype drug within the alpha2-adrenergic agonist class, commonly used for open-angle glaucoma and high eye pressure.

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Cholinergic drugs

Drugs that stimulate specific receptors in the eye, leading to changes in the shape of the iris and lower eye pressure.

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Pilocarpine

A prototype drug within the cholinergic class, used for different types of glaucoma.

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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Drugs that block a specific enzyme in the eye, reducing the production of fluid and lowering eye pressure.

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Acetazolamide (oral)

A prototype drug within the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor class, commonly used for open-angle and other types of glaucoma.

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What is a common cause of Otitis Media?

Otitis media, more prevalent in children, occurs when pathogens enter the middle ear due to changes in the eustachian tube function. These alterations can be triggered by upper respiratory congestion, inflammation, or allergic reactions. Bacteria can also invade the middle ear from contaminated secretions of the nasopharynx or a perforated tympanic membrane.

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Otitis Media: Drug of Choice

Oral amoxicillin is the medication of choice for treating otitis media. Individuals allergic to penicillin may opt for cephalosporins instead.

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How to Improve Absorption of Eye Drops

Occluding the lacrimal duct for 3 to 5 minutes after instilling eye drops can decrease systemic absorption and improve medication concentration at the target site.

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Multiple Eye Drops

When administering multiple types of eye drops, ensure intervals of 5 to 10 minutes between each application to allow sufficient time for absorption and avoid dilution.

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Otitis Externa Drug Combo

For acute external otitis media, a combination drug with neomycin, polymyxin B, and hydrocortisone is used. It's a topical agent, meaning it's applied directly to the ear.

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Amoxicillin Action

Amoxicillin, a penicillin antibiotic, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell death. It's commonly used to treat acute otitis media.

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Antibiotic Side Effects

Common side effects of antibiotics include hypersensitivity, GI effects (like nausea or diarrhea), and superinfections (new infections caused by resistant organisms).

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Otitis Media Patient Advice

Patients with otitis media should complete the entire course of antibiotics, use pain and fever relievers, avoid putting anything in the ear, wear earplugs when swimming, and dry ears carefully.

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Antimicrobial Uses

Antimicrobials are used to treat bacterial, fungal, and viral skin infections.

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Corticosteroids for Dermatitis

Topical corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation in skin conditions like dermatitis.

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Retinoids for Acne

Retinoids like Isotretinoin suppress sebum production, primarily used for acne treatment.

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Keratolytics: What do they target?

Keratolytics are used to treat skin conditions that involve excessive keratin build-up.

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Sunscreens: Skin Protection

Sunscreens protect the skin from harmful UV radiation.

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Study Notes

Drugs for Glaucoma

  • Prostaglandin analogs are widely used for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
    • Prototype: bimatoprost (Latisse, Lumigan)
    • Action: ocular hypotension
    • Adverse effects: hyperpigmentation
  • Beta-adrenergic blockers are used for chronic open-angle glaucoma, aphakic glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, and ocular hypertension.
    • Prototype: timolol maleate
    • Action: blocks beta1 & beta2 to reduce intraocular pressure
    • Adverse effects: pain, systemic beta-adrenergic effects
  • Alpha2-adrenergic agonists are used for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
    • Prototype: brimonidine
    • Action: reduces aqueous humor production
    • Adverse effects: CV effects (hypo or hypertension, brady or tachycardia)
  • Cholinergic drugs are used for chronic simple glaucoma and chronic and acute angle-closure glaucoma.
    • Prototype: pilocarpine
    • Action: stimulates cholinergic receptors, loss of accommodation, lowers intraocular pressure
    • Adverse effects: burning, conjunctival vascular congestion, CNS headache, cardiopulmonary hypertension, tachycardia

Other Eye Medications

  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used for open-angle and secondary glaucoma.
    • Prototype: acetazolamide (oral), brinzolamide, dorzolamide
    • Action: inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the eye, reducing aqueous humor formation and lowering intraocular pressure
    • Adverse effects: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, agranulocytosis, anemia, metabolic acidosis
  • Osmotic drugs are used for temporarily reducing IOP in acute attacks of glaucoma.
    • Prototype: mannitol
  • Antibacterial drugs are used for corneal ulcers and bacterial conjunctivitis.
    • Prototype: ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone)
  • Antiviral drugs are used for primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.
    • Prototype: trifluridine
  • Antifungal drugs are used for fungal blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis.
    • Prototype: natamycin
  • Antiallergic drugs are used for vernal keratitis, vernal conjunctivitis, and vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
    • Prototype: cromolyn sodium
  • Corticosteroids are used to decrease inflammation.
    • Prototype: dexamethasone
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to reduce inflammation after cataract extraction.
    • Prototype: diclofenac

Ear Medications

  • Otitis Externa: topical agents are most commonly used to deliver high concentrations of medication to infected tissue. Systemic medications are used if infection extends beyond the external canal or if the patient is immunocompromised.
  • Otitis Media: oral amoxicillin is the drug of choice and cephalosporins are for those allergic to penicillins. Anti-infective, antiseptic, glucocorticoid, and acidifying agents, such as neomycin-polymyxin B-hydrocortisone, are used for acute external otitis media (topical eye drops).

Skin Medications

  • Antimicrobials: topical presentation (e.g., Bacitracin, benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin, erythromycin, metronidazole, mupirocin, silver sulfadiazine)
  • Antifungals (e.g., butenafine, ciclopirox, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, nystatin)
  • Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir)
  • Antiseptics (kill or inhibit growth of bacteria, viruses or fungi; used primarily to prevent infection)
  • Corticosteroids (topical use for dermatitis)
  • Emollients and moisturizers
  • Enzymes (e.g., trypsin, debride wounds)
  • Immunosuppressants (Pimecrolimus, tacrolimus - both topical; for inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis)
  • Keratolytics (e.g., keratin-containing skin conditions)
  • Retinoids (e.g., isotretinoin; suppressing sebum production; primarily for acne)

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Description

This quiz covers essential medications used in the treatment of glaucoma, including prostaglandin analogs, beta-adrenergic blockers, alpha2-adrenergic agonists, and cholinergic drugs. Gain insights into their actions, prototypes, therapeutic uses, and potential adverse effects. Perfect for students in pharmacology or optometry.

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