Drugs and Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for PCSK9 inhibitors?

  • They block absorption of dietary cholesterol in the intestines.
  • They increase HDL cholesterol production.
  • They inhibit triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissues.
  • They enhance the liver's ability to remove LDL cholesterol from the blood. (correct)

    • Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with Cholestyramine?

  • Diarrhea
  • Bloating (correct)
  • Heartburn
  • Nausea

    • How often are PCSK9 inhibitors typically administered?

  • Every four weeks
  • Every two weeks (correct)
  • Every month
  • Daily

    • What is a common limitation of using PCSK9 inhibitors?

    <p>High cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect can be expected from proper adherence to PCSK9 inhibitor therapy?

    <p>Decrease in LDL levels by as much as 68-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is Cholestyramine?

    <p>A bile acid sequestrant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential adverse effect at the site of injection for PCSK9 inhibitors?

    <p>Mild skin reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of LDL cholesterol alteration is significant concerning PCSK9 inhibitors?

    <p>They enhance the rate of LDL cholesterol clearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholestyramine has which of the following side effects?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of PCSK9 inhibitors?

    <p>They are monoclonal antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of fibric acid derivatives like Gemfibrozil?

    <p>To treat hypertriglyceridemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reported adverse effect of Gemfibrozil?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Gemfibrozil primarily affect triglycerides in the liver and adipose tissue?

    <p>By promoting the breakdown of triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an example of a bile acid binding resin?

    <p>Cholestyramine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Gemfibrozil play in the management of cholesterol levels?

    <p>It significantly reduces triglycerides and VLDL levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is involved in the action of fibric acid derivatives?

    <p>They enhance the breakdown of triglycerides via lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor in the success of cholesterol-lowering drug therapy?

    <p>Regular physical activity and behavioral modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hypertriglyceridemia is correct?

    <p>It primarily involves elevated triglycerides in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of statins in treating hyperlipoproteinemia?

    <p>To inhibit HMG-CoA reductase in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavioral factor is known to contribute significantly to the risk of developing atherosclerosis?

    <p>Cigarette smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with symptoms consistent with peripheral artery disease. Which of the following is a likely underlying cause?

    <p>Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of plaque accumulation in the coronary arteries?

    <p>Limitation of oxygen delivery to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipoproteins is known to help protect against heart disease?

    <p>High-density lipoprotein (HDL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of atherosclerosis, what eventually happens to lipid accumulation in the arteries?

    <p>It results in calcium deposit formation in plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended first-line treatment strategy for managing high LDL cholesterol?

    <p>Statin therapy combined with lifestyle changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic disorder can lead to the development of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of angina pectoris?

    <p>Chest pain during physical exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary change is recommended to improve LDL cholesterol levels?

    <p>Reduce saturated fat intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does obesity relate to the risk of atherosclerosis?

    <p>It increases inflammation and promotes plaque buildup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is blood lipid analysis important before starting drug therapy for hyperlipoproteinemia?

    <p>To identify the type of lipid issue causing the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT related to atherosclerosis?

    <p>High HDL cholesterol level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the drug class with its mechanism of action:

    Drug Class Mechanism of Action
    Statins A. Inhibit HMG-CoA (rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis)
    Sterol absorption inhibitors B. Inhibit transporter in GI tract responsible for cholesterol absorption
    Fibric acid derivatives C. Reduce VLDL levels by:
    breakdown of triglycerides
    decrease VLDL secretion by liver
    breakdown of fatty acids in adipose tissue
    Bile acid binding resins D. Bind bile acids in intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption, ↑ synthesis of bile from cholesterol in liver
    PCSK9 inhibitors E. Inhibit PCSK9, ↑ liver's ability to remove cholesterol from blood

    <p>Statins = A Sterol Absorption Inhibitors = B Fibric Acid Derivatives = C Bile Acid Binding Resins = D PCSK9 Inhibitors = E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic effect of statins?

    <p>Lowering LDL and cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are potential adverse effects of statins?

    <p>Liver enzyme elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of Fibric Acid Derivatives?

    <p>Treating hypertriglyceridemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common adverse effects of bile acid binding resins?

    <p>Bloating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug class is typically used as a LAST resort for treating high LDL cholesterol?

    <p>PCSK9 inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Statins are the most effective drugs for lowering LDL cholesterol levels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibric acid derivatives are primarily used to treat high cholesterol levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bile acid binding resins are effective in lowering HDL levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main adverse effects associated with the use of PCSK9 inhibitors?

    <p>Mild skin reactions at the site of injection and upper respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Drugs for Atherosclerosis Treatment and Prevention

    • Characterized by plaque buildup in arteries, narrowing blood vessels and limiting blood flow
    • Leading cause of coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and chronic kidney disease.
    • Drugs used in combination with lifestyle changes improve blood cholesterol, triglycerides.
    • Coronary arteries are responsible for oxygenated blood supply to the heart
    • Atherosclerosis involves fatty sludge accumulation in coronary artery walls, leading to narrowed arteries.
    • Calcium deposits can cause stiffness in the hardened arteries.
    • The heart needs more oxygen during exertion, which can result in chest pain (angina pectoris) when inadequate oxygen supply occurs.

    Behavioral Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis

    • Obesity (BMI >20%)
    • Cigarette smoking
    • Lack of exercise
    • Hypertension

    Lipoproteins

    • Proteins that transport fats in the blood
    • Different types with varying roles.
    • Chylomicrons carry triglycerides from the intestine to the blood and transport dietary fats.
    • Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) carry triglycerides synthesized in the liver.
    • Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) transport cholesterol from the liver to the cells (bad cholesterol).
    • High-density lipoproteins (HDL) transport cholesterol from cells to the liver (good cholesterol). High HDL levels are protective against heart disease.

    Hyperlipoproteinemias

    • Blood disorders characterized by inability to break down lipids (especially cholesterol and triglycerides).
    • Primary arises from genetic defects, secondary as a result of medical conditions like diabetes or hypothyroidism.
    • Inherited disorders happen in a predictable pattern (Mendelian). Environmental factors can also contribute to primary.
    • Secondary occur as complications of other metabolic problems.
    • Hyperlipidemia can contribute to poor health
    • Calculation of HDL/LDL ratio is important.
    • Cholesterol is not the only marker to look at, and other substances (like triglycerides) are also relevant.

    Therapeutic Measures for Hyperlipoproteinemia

    • Behavioral changes (diet and exercise)
    • Drug therapy
    • The choice of drug therapy depends on lipid analysis (blood test) results.
      • First-line treatment is usually statins.

    Statins

    • Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis.
    • Lower LDL cholesterol, but raise HDL.
    • Commonly used as a first-line therapy to lower cholesterol levels.

    Inhibitors of Sterol Absorption (Ezetimibe)

    • Inhibit the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine
    • Often combined with statins to further reduce cholesterol
    • May be used in combination with other medications.

    Fibric Acid Derivatives (Gemfibrozil)

    • Lower VLDL and triglycerides levels
    • Used for patients with high triglyceride levels
    • Adverse effects like rashes and muscle pain, but also other possible complications

    Bile Acid Binding Resins (e.g., Cholestyramine)

    • Bind to bile acids in the intestine and prevent their reabsorption.
    • This forces the liver to convert more cholesterol into bile acids, which lowers cholesterol levels in the blood.
    • Side effects include constipation and bloating.

    PCSK9 Inhibitors

    • Monoclonal antibodies that reduce LDL cholesterol.
    • Given by injection every few weeks.
    • Reduce LDL levels, improving cardiovascular health.

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    Related Documents

    Drugs for Atherosclerosis Prevention PDF
    Drugs For The Treatment And Prevention Of Atherosclerosis PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, focusing on medication, lifestyle changes, and behavioral risk factors. Learn about the role of lipoproteins and the impact of coronary artery health on overall well-being.

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