Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term has been proposed as an alternative to hallucinogens?
What term has been proposed as an alternative to hallucinogens?
What did Timothy Leary refer to as 'turning in'?
What did Timothy Leary refer to as 'turning in'?
Which of the following terms describes psychedelic drugs as mind-altering?
Which of the following terms describes psychedelic drugs as mind-altering?
What was the response of drug advocates to the accusation that LSD users were 'sick and dangerous'?
What was the response of drug advocates to the accusation that LSD users were 'sick and dangerous'?
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How did John Lilly feel when he injected himself with LSD-25 and entered the isolation tank?
How did John Lilly feel when he injected himself with LSD-25 and entered the isolation tank?
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Why was LSD considered a significant tool by some researchers in the San Francisco Bay Area?
Why was LSD considered a significant tool by some researchers in the San Francisco Bay Area?
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What was one of the results of taking psychedelic drugs during the 1960s?
What was one of the results of taking psychedelic drugs during the 1960s?
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What was the proposed effect of psychedelics according to participants in the research conducted in San Francisco?
What was the proposed effect of psychedelics according to participants in the research conducted in San Francisco?
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How did some engineers credit LSD's impact on the technology sector?
How did some engineers credit LSD's impact on the technology sector?
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Which of these statements about psychedelics is NOT true?
Which of these statements about psychedelics is NOT true?
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What was Timothy Leary's initial experience with psychedelic drugs characterized as?
What was Timothy Leary's initial experience with psychedelic drugs characterized as?
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What was the intent behind Osmond's introduction of the term 'psychedelic'?
What was the intent behind Osmond's introduction of the term 'psychedelic'?
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The term 'psycholytic' refers to which of the following?
The term 'psycholytic' refers to which of the following?
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What percentage of those hospitalized for LSD psychosis had received previous psychiatric treatment?
What percentage of those hospitalized for LSD psychosis had received previous psychiatric treatment?
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What commonality exists among individuals with schizophrenia who have used drugs?
What commonality exists among individuals with schizophrenia who have used drugs?
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What is a significant issue in the study comparing drug users with schizophrenia to those without?
What is a significant issue in the study comparing drug users with schizophrenia to those without?
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What observation was made about the timing of acute psychoses related to LSD use?
What observation was made about the timing of acute psychoses related to LSD use?
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What speculation did Hoffer and Osmond have regarding LSD and alcoholics?
What speculation did Hoffer and Osmond have regarding LSD and alcoholics?
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What is the primary source of opium?
What is the primary source of opium?
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Which of the following synthetic opioids is highlighted for its use as an analgesic and anesthetic?
Which of the following synthetic opioids is highlighted for its use as an analgesic and anesthetic?
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What percentage of death certificates for overdose deaths indicate opioid involvement?
What percentage of death certificates for overdose deaths indicate opioid involvement?
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Which drug did Albert Hofmann first synthesize in 1938?
Which drug did Albert Hofmann first synthesize in 1938?
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Who is credited with coining the term 'psychedelic'?
Who is credited with coining the term 'psychedelic'?
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What notable experience did Hofmann have on Bicycle Day?
What notable experience did Hofmann have on Bicycle Day?
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What is the main focus of David Nutt's evaluation of drug dangerousness?
What is the main focus of David Nutt's evaluation of drug dangerousness?
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What was the potency of carfentanil in relation to other opioids when it emerged on the illicit market?
What was the potency of carfentanil in relation to other opioids when it emerged on the illicit market?
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What was Alber Hofmann's initial reaction when he first synthesized LSD?
What was Alber Hofmann's initial reaction when he first synthesized LSD?
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Which aspect of psychedelics did David Nutt evaluate in terms of dangerousness?
Which aspect of psychedelics did David Nutt evaluate in terms of dangerousness?
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What significant law governed the control of psychedelic drugs in the United States starting in 1970?
What significant law governed the control of psychedelic drugs in the United States starting in 1970?
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Which strain of mushroom is known for containing psilocybin?
Which strain of mushroom is known for containing psilocybin?
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What is the main psychoactive ingredient in ayahuasca that allows for 'better and brighter visions'?
What is the main psychoactive ingredient in ayahuasca that allows for 'better and brighter visions'?
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Which psychedelic drug is noted for its extremely potent effects at low doses?
Which psychedelic drug is noted for its extremely potent effects at low doses?
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In what context is 'tolerance' used when discussing psychedelic drug use?
In what context is 'tolerance' used when discussing psychedelic drug use?
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What percentage of Tibetan Buddhist practitioners in a 1990 survey reported previous experiences with psychedelics?
What percentage of Tibetan Buddhist practitioners in a 1990 survey reported previous experiences with psychedelics?
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What kind of experiences can be triggered by flashbacks associated with psychedelics?
What kind of experiences can be triggered by flashbacks associated with psychedelics?
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What physiological effect is noted to be similar but milder in psilocybin compared to LSD?
What physiological effect is noted to be similar but milder in psilocybin compared to LSD?
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What challenge faced the use of psychedelics in research during the 1990s?
What challenge faced the use of psychedelics in research during the 1990s?
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What is a noted risk associated with the use of LSD concerning mental health?
What is a noted risk associated with the use of LSD concerning mental health?
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Which species has been linked to producing the psychoactive effects associated with mescaline?
Which species has been linked to producing the psychoactive effects associated with mescaline?
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What compound is most likely to cause 'hallucinogen persisting perception disorder'?
What compound is most likely to cause 'hallucinogen persisting perception disorder'?
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What is a common long-term effect reported by users of psychedelics?
What is a common long-term effect reported by users of psychedelics?
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What was the purpose of the LSD sessions in Arnold Ludwig's study?
What was the purpose of the LSD sessions in Arnold Ludwig's study?
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What lasting effect have psychedelics shown in patients receiving treatment for terminal cancer?
What lasting effect have psychedelics shown in patients receiving treatment for terminal cancer?
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What was measured during the Good Friday experiment after participants consumed psilocybin?
What was measured during the Good Friday experiment after participants consumed psilocybin?
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How did participants prepare for the Good Friday experiment?
How did participants prepare for the Good Friday experiment?
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What did the follow-up study 40 years later reveal about participants' experiences with psilocybin?
What did the follow-up study 40 years later reveal about participants' experiences with psilocybin?
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What was a common factor among participants who experienced transcendental effects from psychedelics?
What was a common factor among participants who experienced transcendental effects from psychedelics?
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What distinct experience did participant Mike Young report during the Good Friday experiment?
What distinct experience did participant Mike Young report during the Good Friday experiment?
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What psychological state did Huston Smith encounter during the experiment?
What psychological state did Huston Smith encounter during the experiment?
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What was one of the main findings of Ludwig's study regarding LSD therapy's effectiveness?
What was one of the main findings of Ludwig's study regarding LSD therapy's effectiveness?
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In the Johns Hopkins study, what portion of participants reported experiencing significant fear during the psilocybin session?
In the Johns Hopkins study, what portion of participants reported experiencing significant fear during the psilocybin session?
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What technique was used to attempt to enhance the therapeutic benefit of LSD in Ludwig's therapy group?
What technique was used to attempt to enhance the therapeutic benefit of LSD in Ludwig's therapy group?
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What was the outcome related to the sacredness aspect in the Good Friday experiment?
What was the outcome related to the sacredness aspect in the Good Friday experiment?
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In what key way did participants’ attitudes toward death change after experiencing psychedelics?
In what key way did participants’ attitudes toward death change after experiencing psychedelics?
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What was one reason for examining psychedelic treatment in alcohol use disorders?
What was one reason for examining psychedelic treatment in alcohol use disorders?
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Study Notes
Drug Dangerousness
- Opium is a chemical compound extracted from opium poppy plants
- Opioids contain opium or similar chemicals
- Synthetic opioids are chemically similar to naturally occurring opioids (e.g., fentanyl)
- Heroin has been cut with increasing amounts of fentanyl, leading to overdose cases in the U.S.
- Carfentanil, a potent opioid, has appeared on the illicit drug market recently.
- Opioids contribute to 25% of overdose deaths.
- Drug dangerousness is evaluated based on acute reactions, dependence, and social/healthcare impacts
- Psychedelic drugs are not considered more dangerous than some legal and illegal drugs.
Modern History of Psychedelics
- Humphry Osmond coined the term "psychedelic" in 1956.
- Osmond directed research at Weyburn Mental Hospital in Canada.
- Abram Hoffer, a Canadian psychiatrist, was an important researcher in psychedelics.
The Invention of LSD
- Albert Hofmann created LSD-25 at Sandoz in 1938.
- Hofmann experienced visual hallucinations after accidentally ingesting LSD in 1943.
LSD Experiences
- Hofmann experienced vivid images and colors in 250 microgram dose.
- Subsequent users experienced various effects, including alterations in perception, time, and reality.
- LSD was associated with altered sensory experiences and emotional states.
The Psychedelic Sixties
- Timothy Leary promoted psychedelic use in the 1960s.
- Psychedelics contributed to a counterculture movement.
- Psychedelic use led to various lifestyles, leaders, classifications, and rivalries.
Renaissance in Psychedelic Research
- Research into psychedelics resumed in the 1990s
- Research focused on physiological and neurological effects.
Varieties of Psychedelics
- LSD: High potency, produces euphoria at low doses.
- Psilocybin: Derived from mushrooms, milder effects than LSD, visual and psychological effects, lasts 2-5 hours.
- Mescaline: Found in the Peyote cactus, effects similar to LSD, but gentler, lasting 8-12 hours.
- DMT: Found in various plants and synthesized, produces intense visionary experiences.
- Ayahuasca: South American drink containing DMT & other substances, intense visionary experiences.
Neuropharmacology of Psychedelics
- Tolerance occurs to psychedelics over days, then quickly fades.
- Cross-tolerance occurs with other psychedelic drugs.
- Psychedelics affect serotonin pathways in the brain.
- 5-HT2 receptors are particularly involved in their effects.
Long-Term Effects of Psychedelics
- Flashbacks are a recurring experience of the drug
- Flashbacks resemble the effects during intoxication
Psychedelic Effects on Schizophrenia
- Psychedelics can trigger or increase symptoms of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals
Psychedelic Treatment of Alcoholism
- Hoffer & Osmond experimented with LSD to treat alcoholism.
- LSD sessions mimicked delirium tremens, possibly aiding patients.
The Good Friday Experiment
- Walter Pahnke experimented on the effects of psilocybin.
- 20 participants experienced psychedelic effects leading to mystical experiences
- Some participants reported profound transformations.
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Description
Explore the complexities of drug dangerousness, including opioids and psychedelics. Learn about the history of drugs like LSD and the impact of substances on society and health. This quiz delves into the safety, research, and misconceptions surrounding various drugs.
