Opioids and Psychedelics Overview

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What was the reaction of drug advocates to the labeling of LSD users as 'sick and dangerous'?

They advocated for stricter controls on drugs like LSD.

They agreed with the authorities' perspective.

They argued that the established powers were the ones who were sick and dangerous. (correct)

They called for medical research into the safety of LSD.

In what way did LSD reportedly benefit participants in the experiments led by researchers in the San Francisco Bay Area?

It increased their physical energy significantly.

It made them feel more relaxed and calm.

It enhanced their ability to visualize and recontextualize problems. (correct)

It allowed them to access hidden historical knowledge.

What did some engineers believe about LSD's influence in Silicon Valley?

It was a distraction from their work.

It played a significant role in the birth of the computer revolution. (correct)

It negatively impacted their mental health.

It hindered collaborative efforts.

What term did Osmond attempt to introduce in order to differentiate legitimate research from frivolous use of psychedelics?

Psychedelic. Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Osmond have regarding Leary's approach to psychedelics?

He claimed it was dangerous. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals hospitalized for LSD psychosis had received previous psychiatric treatment?

37-49% Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding drug users prior to the onset of schizophrenia?

They had better psychological adjustment than non-drug users. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in determining the effects of psychedelics on chronic psychosis?

Previous drug use often involved multiple substances. Signup and view all the answers

What might indicate vulnerability to psychosis induced by psychedelics?

Experiencing acute psychoses 2 to 7 days after using psychedelics. Signup and view all the answers

What was Hoffer and Osmond's speculation about the potential treatment for alcoholism?

Using LSD to replicate the hallucinations of delirium tremens. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'psychotomimetic' refer to in the context of psychedelic drugs?

Drugs that mimic or induce psychosis Signup and view all the answers

What was Timothy Leary's initial experience with psychedelic drugs characterized as?

A deep religious experience leading to awakening Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase did Timothy Leary use to describe the externalization of internal revelations?

Turning in Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms refers to the idea of pursuing an authentic spiritual quest, according to Timothy Leary?

Dropping out Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the first article about LSD published?

1947 Signup and view all the answers

What alternative term has been proposed for 'hallucinogens'?

Illusion genic Signup and view all the answers

What significant trend did psychedelic drugs inspire by the late 1960s?

The emergence of a counterculture with distinct lifestyles and rivalries Signup and view all the answers

What did John Lilly experience when he injected himself with LSD-25 in an isolation tank?

A sense of light and consciousness merging Signup and view all the answers

What is the main psychoactive component of opioids?

Opium Signup and view all the answers

What substance is considered the most potent commercially available opioid?

Carfentanil Signup and view all the answers

What year did Albert Hofmann first synthesize LSD?

1938 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug did David Nutt evaluate for danger based on various criteria?

Psychedelic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Who coined the term 'psychedelic' in 1956?

Humphry Osmond Signup and view all the answers

During his first experience with LSD, what sensations did Hofmann report?

Feeling restless and dizzy with vivid visual imagination Signup and view all the answers

How did heroin become more dangerous according to trends in the drug market?

It was combined with larger amounts of fentanyl. Signup and view all the answers

What did Hofmann mistakenly believe about his initial LSD exposure?

He thought some had absorbed through his fingertips. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of death certificates for overdose deaths mention opioids?

25 percent Signup and view all the answers

What significant day is associated with Hofmann's bike ride after taking LSD?

Bicycle Day Signup and view all the answers

In what year did possession of LSD become illegal throughout the United States?

1968 Signup and view all the answers

What dosage range typically produces psychedelic effects from LSD?

50 to 150 micrograms Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is regarded as producing a gentler psychological effect compared to LSD?

Psilocybin Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant event in 2006 that shifted attitudes toward psychedelics?

The celebration of Albert Hofmann’s 100th birthday Signup and view all the answers

How does tolerance to psychedelics like LSD typically develop?

Within two to three days and disappears quickly Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of psychedelics?

Flashbacks Signup and view all the answers

Which psychedelic is known for producing prolonged effects lasting from 8 to 12 hours?

Mescaline Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychoactive compound found in the Stropharia cubensis mushroom?

Psilocybin Signup and view all the answers

What psychological experience is often linked with the excessive activation of 5-HT2 receptors?

Schizophrenia-like symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of the pineal gland related to psychedelic experiences?

Possible source of DMT surges Signup and view all the answers

What factor is considered when discussing the context of drug use, particularly with psychedelics?

Set and setting Signup and view all the answers

What ingredient does ayahuasca contain that makes it different from other psychedelics?

Beta-carbolines Signup and view all the answers

Which experience is NOT typically associated with the use of mescaline?

Psychoactive effects lasting for several days Signup and view all the answers

Ayahuasca tourism began in which decade?

1990s Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Arnold Ludwig's research on LSD and alcoholism?

To evaluate the impact of LSD on therapeutic outcomes for alcoholism Signup and view all the answers

What additional element was incorporated in the therapy of the group that received both LSD and hypnosis?

Posthypnotic suggestions about personal responsibility Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome was observed regarding the use of LSD in Ludwig's study at the 6-month follow-up?

No differences in outcomes compared to control groups Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of psychedelic therapy for those dying of cancer according to Stanislav Grof's research?

Pain relief and a change in attitude toward death Signup and view all the answers

In the Good Friday experiment, how were participants divided to ensure a double-blind study?

Using random assignment to psilocybin and control groups Signup and view all the answers

What key finding did the Good Friday experiment reveal in comparison between experimental and control groups?

Statistically significant differences in mystical experience characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What negative experience did participants in the Johns Hopkins University experiment report?

Extreme fear during the session Signup and view all the answers

How many participants in the Johns Hopkins study rated their psychedelic experience as the single most meaningful of their lives?

11% Signup and view all the answers

What significant change in perception did Mike Young experience during his psychedelic session?

Intensification of visual colors and patterns Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the experience did Huston Smith observe in one of the participants during the Good Friday experiment?

Incoherent behavior and departure from the chapel Signup and view all the answers

What common outcome was reported by participants who underwent psilocybin experiences in both the Good Friday experiment and the Johns Hopkins experiment?

A sense of unity or oneness Signup and view all the answers

What challenge was noted regarding the nature of psychedelic experiences among participants?

They often involved significant psychic struggles Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic benefit was structured into the LSD sessions combined with hypnosis?

Providing posthypnotic suggestions for problem-solving Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drug Dangerousness

Opium is a chemical extracted from opium poppy plants
Opioids contain opium or chemically similar substances
Synthetic opioids are chemically similar to naturally occurring opioids, such as fentanyl
Heroin is often cut with fentanyl, leading to overdose cases
Carfentanil, a potent opioid, emerged in the illicit drug market in 2016
Opioids contribute to 25% of overdose deaths
Psychedelic drugs are not considered more dangerous than other legal/illegal drugs, based on acute reactions, long-term dependence, and social/healthcare impact

Modern History of Psychedelics

Humphry Osmond coined the term "psychedelic" in 1956
Osmond was the director of research at Weyburn Mental Hospital (Canada), which became a significant center for psychedelic research.
Abram Hoffer was a Canadian psychiatrist associated with Weyburn Mental Hospital, important in psychedelic research

Invention of LSD

Albert Hofmann created LSD-25 in 1938 while working at Sandoz company
Hofmann experienced a psychedelic trip while synthesizing LSD, in 1943, after being interrupted in his work by feelings of dizziness.
Hofmann thought the LSD was absorbed through his fingertips during crystallization

Effects and experiences of LSD

Hofmann experienced visual hallucinations and kaleidoscopic colors.
Initial experience with LSD had negative feelings and threatening forms.
Experiences of LSD led to new ideas and concepts
LSD caused a profound religious experience for Timothy Leary

Psychedelic Sixties

Psychedelic drugs gained prominence in the 1960s, leading to a counterculture movement.
The counterculture involved distinct lifestyles, leaders, and internal rivalries.
Timothy Leary was a proponent of psychedelic use.
Leary promoted "turning on" as a spiritual awakening

Psychedelic drug research and legality

LSD had been used for research with artists, engineers, architects, scientists and was associated with increased creativity.
Researchers explored if LSD could aid in areas of creativity
Legal restrictions on psychedelic drugs, including LSD and others, were implemented.
Possession of LSD became illegal in the US
Research, using psychedelic drugs, in the early 1990s was permitted and investigated.

Varieties of psychedelics

LSD is powerful psychedelic drug.
Psilocybin is found in certain mushrooms, such as Stropharia cubensis.
Mescaline is found in the peyote cactus and can be consumed.
DMT is chemically synthesized and found in plants around the world.
Ayahuasca is a combination of plants used to create a psychedelic cocktail.

###Neuropharmacology of Psychedelics

Tolerance to LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT develops and diminishes.
Psychedelic drugs can affect serotonin pathways in the brain.

Long-term effects of Psychedelics

Flashbacks can occur; replaying perceptual experiences.
Psychedelics, if used in amounts not appropriate or given repeatedly, can potentially lead to psychotic episodes.
Mental health problems are also a possibility with psychedelic use.

Palliative Care and Psychedelics

Psychedelics are being researched in palliative care.
Transcendental experience and philosophical changes during experiences are discussed.
Pahnke's Good Friday study in 1962 employed psilocybin with participants.
The results noted profound spiritual experiences for many, with some negative experiences as measured by anxiety or dysphoria.

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Description

This quiz explores the dangerousness of opioids, including the impact of synthetic opioids like fentanyl and heroin. It also delves into the modern history of psychedelics, focusing on key figures in the field and the invention of LSD. Test your knowledge about these significant topics in drug safety and history.