Podcast
Questions and Answers
Common ______ include alcohol, opiates and barbiturates.
Common ______ include alcohol, opiates and barbiturates.
depressants
Stimulants increase ______, focus, and wakefulness.
Stimulants increase ______, focus, and wakefulness.
energy
For the most part, inhalants aren’t studied as much as other ______.
For the most part, inhalants aren’t studied as much as other ______.
drugs
Common inhalants include: Paint thinner, Nail polish remover, and ______.
Common inhalants include: Paint thinner, Nail polish remover, and ______.
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A small difference in the chemical structure of amphetamine and methamphetamine leads to different impacts on the ______.
A small difference in the chemical structure of amphetamine and methamphetamine leads to different impacts on the ______.
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Hallucinogens often lead to auditory and visual ______ or "tripping."
Hallucinogens often lead to auditory and visual ______ or "tripping."
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The ______ Substance Act established five pharmacology classifications of drugs or schedules.
The ______ Substance Act established five pharmacology classifications of drugs or schedules.
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The drug’s schedule is based on potential medical use, the potential for misuse, and ______ risk.
The drug’s schedule is based on potential medical use, the potential for misuse, and ______ risk.
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Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD, is a potent ______ drug.
Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD, is a potent ______ drug.
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Phencyclidine (PCP) is an illegal street drug that usually comes as a white ______, which can be dissolved in alcohol or water.
Phencyclidine (PCP) is an illegal street drug that usually comes as a white ______, which can be dissolved in alcohol or water.
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Schedule V drugs have the lowest penalties and few ______.
Schedule V drugs have the lowest penalties and few ______.
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"Magic mushrooms" are mushrooms that contain ______ - usually psilocybin and psilocin.
"Magic mushrooms" are mushrooms that contain ______ - usually psilocybin and psilocin.
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Schedule III drugs have a medical purpose. They are also a low misuse rate and low to ______ risk of addiction.
Schedule III drugs have a medical purpose. They are also a low misuse rate and low to ______ risk of addiction.
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The only pharmacology classification of drugs with more regulations and penalties than Schedule II drugs is ______ drugs.
The only pharmacology classification of drugs with more regulations and penalties than Schedule II drugs is ______ drugs.
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Inhalants are chemicals that are ingested by breathing them in or "______."
Inhalants are chemicals that are ingested by breathing them in or "______."
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Schedule I drugs are the most regulated and have the harshest penalties of all the ______.
Schedule I drugs are the most regulated and have the harshest penalties of all the ______.
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A ______ is a drug that suppresses pain perception without inducing loss of consciousness.
A ______ is a drug that suppresses pain perception without inducing loss of consciousness.
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A ______ is a drug that eliminates pain perception in a limited body area by local action on sensory nerves.
A ______ is a drug that eliminates pain perception in a limited body area by local action on sensory nerves.
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A ______ is a drug that arrests convulsion by inducing general CNS depression.
A ______ is a drug that arrests convulsion by inducing general CNS depression.
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A ______ is a drug that reduces tissue deposits of uric acid in general gout or suppress the intense inflammatory reaction of acute gout.
A ______ is a drug that reduces tissue deposits of uric acid in general gout or suppress the intense inflammatory reaction of acute gout.
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A ______ is a drug that reduces incidence or severity of migraine vascular headache.
A ______ is a drug that reduces incidence or severity of migraine vascular headache.
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A ______ is a drug that suppresses the neurologic disturbances and symptoms of parkinsonism.
A ______ is a drug that suppresses the neurologic disturbances and symptoms of parkinsonism.
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A ______ is a drug that restores normal body temperature in the presence of fever.
A ______ is a drug that restores normal body temperature in the presence of fever.
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A ______ is a central nervous system depressant used to induce sleep.
A ______ is a central nervous system depressant used to induce sleep.
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Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) are used to maintain adequate ______ and restore blood volume.
Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) are used to maintain adequate ______ and restore blood volume.
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Solutions given intravenously to maintain hydration are called ______ solutions.
Solutions given intravenously to maintain hydration are called ______ solutions.
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Calcium gluconate, Sodium bicarbonate, and Magnesium sulfate are examples of ______ additives.
Calcium gluconate, Sodium bicarbonate, and Magnesium sulfate are examples of ______ additives.
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Peritoneal dialysis is a procedure that uses a special solution to correct ______ imbalances.
Peritoneal dialysis is a procedure that uses a special solution to correct ______ imbalances.
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Hemodialysis is a procedure that removes impurities from the blood using a ______ solution.
Hemodialysis is a procedure that removes impurities from the blood using a ______ solution.
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Antibacterial, antifungal, and scabicide are examples of ______ agents.
Antibacterial, antifungal, and scabicide are examples of ______ agents.
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Mupirocin, Silver sulfadiazine, and Fusidate sodium are examples of ______ drugs.
Mupirocin, Silver sulfadiazine, and Fusidate sodium are examples of ______ drugs.
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Benzoic acid + Salicylic acid, Sodium thiosulfate, and Tioconazole are examples of ______ drugs.
Benzoic acid + Salicylic acid, Sodium thiosulfate, and Tioconazole are examples of ______ drugs.
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A drug that activates organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system is called a ______ agent.
A drug that activates organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system is called a ______ agent.
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An agent that increases the contractile strength of heart muscle is known as an ______ agent.
An agent that increases the contractile strength of heart muscle is known as an ______ agent.
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A drug that relieves asthma symptoms is referred to as an ______-asthmatic.
A drug that relieves asthma symptoms is referred to as an ______-asthmatic.
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A drug that suppresses coughing is called an ______ agent.
A drug that suppresses coughing is called an ______ agent.
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A drug that reduces the viscosity of pulmonary mucous is called a ______ agent.
A drug that reduces the viscosity of pulmonary mucous is called a ______ agent.
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An adrenergic drug that induces vasoconstriction in nasal passages is known as a ______ decongestant.
An adrenergic drug that induces vasoconstriction in nasal passages is known as a ______ decongestant.
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A drug that inhibits immune response to foreign materials is termed an ______-suppressant.
A drug that inhibits immune response to foreign materials is termed an ______-suppressant.
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A drug that attacks malignant cells in the body is known as an ______ neoplastic.
A drug that attacks malignant cells in the body is known as an ______ neoplastic.
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An inorganic substance occurring naturally which plays a vital role in regulating many bodily ______.
An inorganic substance occurring naturally which plays a vital role in regulating many bodily ______.
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An ______ drug that topically in the eye to induce dilation of the pupil.
An ______ drug that topically in the eye to induce dilation of the pupil.
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A cholinergic drug used to topically in the eye to induce ______ of the pupil.
A cholinergic drug used to topically in the eye to induce ______ of the pupil.
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Examples of antibacterial drugs include ______, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol.
Examples of antibacterial drugs include ______, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol.
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Vitamins are organic chemicals essential in small amounts for normal ______.
Vitamins are organic chemicals essential in small amounts for normal ______.
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Study Notes
Pharmacology and Venipuncture
- The presentation is about pharmacology and venipuncture.
- A specialist, Valerie S. Huiso, RTRP, МНА (с), is presenting the materials.
Classifications of Drugs
- A drug is a chemical substance, typically with a known structure.
- When administered to a living organism, it produces a noticeable biological effect.
- Pharmaceutical drugs, medications, or medicines, are chemical substances used to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent diseases.
- Drugs are chemical substances, excluding essential vitamins and nutrients, that affect a living organism.
- Drugs can be consumed through inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, application to the skin, suppositories, or under the tongue.
What are Drug Classifications?
- Drug classifications organize drugs into categories based on chemical structure, effects, and legal definition.
- Classifying drugs helps ensure safe and beneficial use.
- Drug use changes body chemistry, and multiple drugs can have severe side effects.
Pharmacology Classification of Drugs by Chemical Makeup
- Chemical similarities in drugs often lead to shared impacts and risks.
- Examples include alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, and barbiturates.
Alcohol
- Alcohol is one of the most misused substances, despite its legal status in all states.
- It affects multiple body systems, diminishing judgment, perception, and reaction time.
- It's a central nervous system depressant and can lead to severe long-term liver damage.
- Forms of alcohol include beer, wine, and liquor.
Opioids
- Opioids (or opiates) are derived from opium or mimic its chemical effects.
- They work by attaching to brain neurotransmitters, blocking signals, and producing pleasure.
- This can lead to addiction, as experienced with opioid crisis in America.
- Common opioids include heroin, fentanyl, and oxycodone.
Benzodiazepines
- Benzodiazepines (benzos) affect the brain and body through interaction with GABA-A (gamma-aminobutyric acid-A) neurotransmitter.
- They're used for various mental health and sleep issues but can be highly addictive and cause serious medical and mental problems if misused.
- Includes Ativan, Valium, and Xanax.
Cannabinoids
- Cannabinoids are similar to THC, the active chemical in marijuana.
- While inducing feelings of happiness, they can cause severe mental and physical harm.
- Despite recent legal acceptance, they are one of the second-most abused drugs.
- Commonly known forms include marijuana, hashish, shatter, and distillate.
Barbiturates
- Barbiturates, derived from barbituric acid, slow down the central nervous system.
- They can be used in treating mental disorders, sleep issues, and various forms of pain.
- Barbiturates can be highly addictive.
- High overdose rates are associated with barbiturates.
- Examples include amytal, luminal, and pentobarbital.
Pharmacology Classification of Drugs Based on Effects
- Drugs are categorized by their effects on the mind and body—some making individuals energetic, while others promote relaxation.
- This includes depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and inhalants.
Depressants
- Depressants cause feelings of relaxation and tiredness, often used to treat mental illness and sleep issues.
- Alcohol, opiates, and barbiturates are common examples.
Stimulants
- Stimulants increase energy and focus, often providing a "rush."
- Addiction and misuse are possible with prolonged use.
- Cocaine, Adderall, and methamphetamine are common examples.
Hallucinogens
- Hallucinogens alter reality perception, causing auditory and visual hallucinations (often referred to as "tripping").
- Despite the potential for addiction, their effects can be severe.
- Examples include LSD, PCP, and psilocybin mushrooms.
Phencyclidine (PCP)
- PCP is an illegal drug typically in powder or liquid form.
- It can be inhaled, injected, smoked, or swallowed.
- Street names include angel dust, embalming fluid, and others.
Psilocybin Mushrooms
- "Magic mushrooms" contain psilocybin and psilocin hallucinogens, inducing visual and auditory hallucinations.
- Experiences can include anxiety, fear, nausea, and muscle twitches.
Inhalants
- Inhalants are ingested by breathing them in ("huffing") and commonly produce a euphoric feeling.
- While often not as addictive as other drugs, they can still lead to severe health consequences.
- Common inhalants include paint thinner, nail polish remover, and gasoline.
Pharmacology Classification of Drugs by Legal Definition
- The Controlled Substance Act (1970) organizes drugs into five schedules (categories) based on factors like medical use potential for misuse, and addiction risk.
- Schedules also consider international agreements such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.
Schedule V
- Schedule V drugs have low penalties and few regulations; generally low risk for misuse or addiction.
- Includes Lomotil, Motofen, and Lyrica.
Schedule IV
- Schedule IV drugs have more regulations than Schedule V but fewer than Schedule III.
- Lower risks of misuse and addiction.
- Examples include Ambien, Darvocet, and Tramadol.
Schedule III
- Schedule III drugs have harsher penalties and more regulations than Schedule IV.
- Still, the risk of misuse is lower and the level of addiction is low to medium.
- Includes anabolic steroids, ketamine, and Vicodin.
Schedule II
- Schedule II drugs have significant regulations and penalties.
- High risk for misuse and severe addiction possibilities.
- Examples include codeine, methadone, and Ritalin.
Schedule I
- Schedule I drugs have the harshest penalties and regulations.
- These drugs carry the highest risk of misuse and addiction.
- They are not recognized as having any medical use.
- Examples include Ecstasy, Quaaludes, and GHB.
Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
- GHB has legitimate medical uses (prescribed as sodium oxybate), treating conditions such as narcolepsy and alcohol misuse.
- It's also known as "G" or "liquid ecstasy" on the streets and can induce euphoria, relaxation, and drowsiness.
- Misuse can lead to overdose risks.
- There are different detection methods for GHB, including urine, blood, saliva, and hair tests.
Drugs May Be Classified as Follows
- Drugs can be categorized as over-the-counter, prescription, dangerous, regulated, prohibited, or exempt drug preparations.
Pharmacologic/Therapeutic Categories of the Drug
- Drugs are categorized based on their effects on the central nervous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, immune, and other body systems.
Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System
- Includes analgesics, local anesthetics, anticonvulsants, anti-gout, anti-migraine, anti-parkinsonism, antipyretic, hypnotics, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiemetics, antivertigo, and anti-motion sickness drugs.
Analgesics
- Analgesics suppress pain perception without causing unconsciousness.
- Examples are paracetamol, ibuprofen, and Tramadol HCI.
Local Anesthetic
- Local anesthetics eliminate pain sensation in a specific area by affecting sensory nerves.
- Proparacaine HCl, Lidocaine HCl, and Bupivacaine HCl are examples.
Anticonvulsant
- Anticonvulsant drugs arrest seizures by inducing CNS depression.
- Valproic acid, Carbamazepine, and Phenobarbital are examples.
Anti-gout
- Anti-gout drugs reduce tissue uric acid buildup and intense inflammatory reactions linked to gout.
- Examples are Allopurinol, Colchicine, and Probenecid.
Anti-migraine
- Anti-migraine drugs aim to reduce the incidence or severity of migraine headaches.
- Ergotamine tartrate, Divalproex Na, and Flunarizine HCl are some examples.
Anti-parkinsonism
- Anti-parkinsonism agents control neurological disturbances and parkinsonism symptoms.
- Biperiden, Amantadine sulfate, Carbidopa, and Levodopa are examples.
Antipyretic
- Antipyretic drugs restore normal body temperature in cases of fever.
- Paracetamol and Ibuprofen are examples.
Hypnotic
- Hypnotic drugs are central nervous system depressants used to induce sleep.
- Examples are Midazolam, Zolpidem, and Nitrazepam
Anxiolytic
- Anxiolytic drugs reduce anxiety symptoms.
- Diazepam, Alprazolam, and Clorazepate dipotassium are examples.
Antidepressant
- Antidepressants are centrally acting drugs to elevate mood and effectively treat depression.
- Fluoxetine HCl, Clomipramine HCl, and Imipramine HCl are examples.
Antipsychotic
- Antipsychotic drugs control symptoms of psychoses.
- Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine HCl, and Thioridazine HCl are examples.
Antiemetic
- Antiemetic drugs suppress sensations of nausea and vomiting.
- Meclizine HCl, Metoclopramide, and Domperidone are examples.
Antivertigo
- Antivertigo drugs manage dizziness.
- Metoclopramide HCl and Meclizine HCl are examples.
Anti-Motion Sickness
- Anti-motion sickness drugs combat nausea, vomiting, and dizziness caused by motion.
- Meclizine HCl, Metoclopramide HCl, and Dimenhydrinate are examples.
Drugs Acting on the Musculoskeletal System
- Includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs, muscle relaxants, antirheumatic drugs, and neuromuscular blockers.
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory (NSAID)
- NSAID drugs act as analgesics and anti-inflammatories by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
- Examples are Mefenamic acid, Naproxen, and Meloxicam.
Muscle Relaxant
- Muscle relaxants inhibit voluntary muscle contractions.
- Examples are Vecuronium Br, Baclofen, and Tizanidine HCI.
Antirheumatic
- Antirheumatic drugs treat inflammatory conditions like arthritis and rheumatoid disorder.
- Celocoxib, Piroxicam, and Methotrexate are some examples.
Neuromuscular Blocker
- Neuromuscular blockers paralyze skeletal muscles by preventing nerve impulse transmission to them.
- Pancuronium, Atracurium besylate, and Vecuronium Br are some examples.
Anti-infectives
- Anti-infectives kill or inhibit pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths.
Antiamebic
- Antiamebic drugs target protozoan parasites like Entamoeba histolytica, the cause of amoebiasis.
- Metronidazole, Etofamide, and Secnnidazole are examples.
Antibacterial
- Antibacterial drugs eliminate or inhibit pathogenic bacteria.
- Penicillin, Amoxicillin, and Cefalexin are some examples.
Antifilarial
- Antifilarial drugs counter pathogenic filarial worms.
- Diethylcarbamazine is a prominent example.
Antifungal
- Antifungal drugs target pathogenic fungi.
- Ketoconazole, Fluconazole, and Terbinafine HCI are examples.
Anti-malarials
- Anti-malarial drugs target parasites that cause malaria.
- Chloroquine phosphate, Mefloquine HCl, and Quinine sulfate are prominent examples.
Antiprotozoal
-
Antiprotozoal drugs eliminate or inhibit protozoa.
-
Diloxanidine and Metronidazole are examples.
Anti-schistosoma
- Anti-schistosoma drugs target parasitic flukes (Schistosoma)
- Praziquantel is a key example.
Antiviral
-
Antiviral drugs target and inhibit viral infections.
-
Acyclovir, Zidovudine, and Indinavir sulfate are examples of antiviral medications.
Immunologicals
- Includes vaccinations (antigen-containing drugs that stimulate active immunity vs. infectious diseases) and immune sera (animal/human serum with pathogen-specific antibodies for passive immunity).
Cardiovascular Drugs
- These drugs influence the cardiovascular system, including adrenergic agents, inotropic agents, anti-angina, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-lipidemic substances.
Adrenergic Agent
- Adrenergic agents activate organs in the sympathetic nervous system.
- Dobutamine, Dopamine, and Epinephrine are pertinent examples.
Inotropic Agent
- Inotropic agents increase the contractile strength of the heart muscle.
- Digoxin, Epinephrine, and Dopamine are notable examples.
Anti-angina
- Anti-angina medications are coronary vasodilators to treat or prevent angina pectoris attacks.
- Isosorbide dinitrate, Diltiazem, and Metoprolol are some examples.
Anti-arrhythmic
- Anti-arrhythmic medications are cardiac depressants to regulate irregular heart rhythms.
- Lidocaine, Amiodarone, and Atenolol are examples.
Anti-lipidemic
-
Anti-lipidemic drugs lower blood lipid levels.
-
Pravastatin and Simvastatin are prominent examples.
Cholinergic Agent
-
Cholinergic agents affect organs of the parasympathetic nervous system.
-
Acetylcholine, Carbachol, and Pilocarpine are typical examples.
Diuretic
- Diuretics promote electrolyte and water removal by the kidneys.
- Furosemide is a salient example.
Respiratory Drugs
- These drugs influence respiratory function, including anti-asthmatics, antitussives, mucolytics, nasal decongestants, and respiratory stimulants.
Anti-asthmatic
-
Anti-asthmatic drugs alleviate asthma symptoms.
-
Salbutamol, Terbutaline, and Hydrocortisone are common examples.
Antitussive
-
Antitussive drugs suppress coughing.
-
Dextromethorphan and Butamirate are examples.
Mucolytic
-
Mucolytic drugs reduce the stickiness of mucus in the lungs.
-
Bromhexine is a foremost example.
Nasal Decongestant
-
Nasal decongestants cause blood vessel constriction in the nasal passages.
-
Phenylpropanolamine is an example.
Respiratory Stimulant
-
Respiratory stimulants increase breathing rate.
-
Doxapram HCI is one example.
Anti-Allergic and Immunosuppressants
- These drugs influence immune responses, including antineoplastics, immunosuppressants, and immunomodulators.
Antineoplastic
-
Antineoplastic medications target cancerous cells throughout the body.
-
Cytarabine, Fluorouracil, and Mercaptopurine are examples.
Immunosuppressant
-
Immunosuppressants inhibit immune responses to foreign materials or to fight tissue graft rejection.
-
Azathioprine, Ciclosporin, and Prednisone are pertinent examples.
Immunomodulator
-
Immunomodulators adjust or modify the immune system response by enhancing its ability to produce certain antibodies.
-
Interferon is a main example of an immunomodulator.
Antidotes
- General antidotes reduce the impact of ingested poisons by adsorbing toxic materials.
- Specific antidotes deal with the particular poison's effects via a mechanism related to the poison.
Gastrointestinal Drugs
- Gastrointestinal drugs treat problems in the digestive system.
- Examples include antacids, H2 antagonists, anticholinergics, spasmolytics, antiemetics, antimotility preparations, and laxative/cathartics.
Antacid
- Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid.
- Aluminum hydroxide and aluminum/magnesium hydroxide combinations are examples.
H2 Antagonist
- H2 antagonists reduce the amount of stomach acid produced in response to histamine.
- Examples include Ranitidine, Cimetidine, and Nizatidine.
Anticholinergic
-
Anticholinergics limit the body's response to parasympathetic nerves and cholinergic drugs.
-
Atropine and Dicycloverine are examples.
Spasmolytic
- Spasmolytics decrease the activity of visceral smooth muscles.
- Example: Hyoscine-N-butylbromide and Dicycloverine HCl
Antiemetic
-
Antiemetic drugs reduce or eliminate nausea and vomiting.
-
Meclizine HCl, Metoclopramide, and Domperidone are examples.
Antimotlity
-
Antimotlity drugs decrease the motility of the digestive system.
-
Loperamide is a relevant example.
Laxative/Cathartic
-
Laxatives or cathartics stimulate or facilitate bowel movements.
-
Bisacodyl, Castor oil, and Senna are examples.
Solutions Correcting Water Electrolyte Disturbance
- Include oral rehydrating solution, parenteral solutions (large volume injections), electrolyte injections, peritoneal dialysis solutions, or hemodialysis solutions, depending on the specific imbalance.
Oral Rehydrating Solution
-
Oral rehydrating solutions aim to replace fluids and nutrients lost from the body by replenishing electrolytes, carbohydrates, and water.
-
Oral Maintenance Salt (OMS) and Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) are prevalent examples.
Parenteral Solution/Large Volume Injection
-
Parenteral solutions and large volume injections, administered intravenously, maintain hydration, restore blood volume, and provide electrolyte replacement or partial nutrition.
-
Examples include 5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's solution, and 0.9% sodium chloride.
Electrolyte or Parenteral Additive Injection
-
Electrolyte and parenteral additive injections contain electrolytes for oral, intravenous, or rectal use to manage ionic imbalances within the body.
-
Calcium gluconate, sodium bicarbonate, and magnesium sulfate are key examples.
Peritoneal Dialysis Solution
- A solution used in peritoneal dialysis to correct fluid or electrolyte imbalance.
- Includes sodium lactate anhydrous, sodium chloride, calcium chloride dihydrate, and magnesium chloride hexahydrate.
Hemodialysis Solution
- A solution used in hemodialysis, to remove impurities from the blood during treatment.
- The composition of solutions contains magnesium chloride hexahydrate, calcium chloride dihydrate, sodium acetate trihydrate, and sodium chloride.
Dermatological and Mucous Membrane Agents (Topical)
- Topical drugs for skin/mucous membrane conditions, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, scabicide/anti-scabies, and pediculicide/anti-lice categories.
Antibacterial
-
Topically applied antibacterial drugs.
-
Examples include Mupirocin, Silver sulfadiazine, and Fusidate sodium.
Antifungal
-
Topically applied antifungal drugs
-
Examples include Benzoic acid, Salicylic acid, and Sodium thiosulfate.
Scabicide/Antiscabies
-
Insecticides targeting the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei (scabies)
-
Examples include Sulfur.
Pediculicide/Anti-lice
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Insecticides for treating louse infestations
-
Example: Permethrin.
Anti-inflammatory
-
Topical anti-inflammatory drugs
-
Examples include Hydrocortisone, Betamethasone, and Fluocinonide
Antipruritic
-
Drugs to reduce itching
-
Example: Calamine.
Keratolytic
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Topical drugs to soften and remove the superficial layer of keratin (skin).
-
Examples include Benzoyl peroxide and Benzoic acid + Salicylic acid.
Antiseptic, Disinfectant
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Agents that kill microorganisms on non-living surfaces.
-
Examples include Povidone iodine, Ethyl alcohol, and Isopropyl alcohol.
Ophthalmological Preparations
- Eye-related medications, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, local anesthetics, mydriatic/cycloplegic, and miotic agents.
Antibacterial
- Erythromycin, Gentamicin, and Chloramphenicol
Antifungal
- Oxytetracycline, Ofloxacin, and Tobramycin.
Anti-inflammatory
- Prednisolone, Dexamethasone, and Diclofenac
Mydriatic/Cycloplegic
-
Drugs to dilate the pupil
-
Atropine and Tropicamide are examples.
Miotic
-
Drugs to constrict the pupil
-
Pilocarpine and Carbachol are examples.
Ears, Nose, and Throat Preparations
- Medications for treating conditions of the ears, nose, and throat, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory preparations.
Vitamins and Minerals
- Vitamins are organic molecules crucial in small amounts for normal metabolic processes, often used to supplement diets.
- Minerals are inorganic substances essential to various bodily functions, occurring naturally.
Vitamins
- Ascorbic acid and riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Minerals
- Ferrous salt
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