Pharma Week 1

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Questions and Answers

What method primarily allows drugs to cross the placenta?

Diffusion (correct)

Filtration

Active transport

Endocytosis

Which of the following statements about the US FDA risk categories is true?

Category X indicates no risk.

Category B indicates no known risks. (correct)

Category C indicates drugs that should be avoided completely.

Category A indicates high risk of fetal harm.

What does the 'Motherisk' program primarily focus on?

Vaccination during pregnancy

Fertility treatments

Pregnancy safety regarding medications (correct)

Drug development in children

What year was the 'Motherisk' program established?

2019 Signup and view all the answers

How many letter categories does the US FDA use to classify drug risks in pregnancy?

5 categories Signup and view all the answers

What is the proportion of Canadians who are visible minorities?

3 in 10 Signup and view all the answers

What fraction of aboriginal minorities in Canada are Canadian born?

A significant majority Signup and view all the answers

What is one role of an ethnocultural translator?

To bridge cultural differences Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a focus of nursing in relation to culture?

Cultural practices and beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes diversity in Canada?

It includes a range of multicultural identities Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the presence of an 'N' and a symbol on the labels of narcotic drugs?

They are strictly regulated under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. Signup and view all the answers

What does decreased perfusion rate of the kidneys indicate about drug excretion?

It may reduce the excretion of drugs. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of individuals is characterized by a higher likelihood of adverse effects and toxicity due to medicine?

Older adults aged 65 and older. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle covered in the CNA Code of Ethics regarding patient care?

Supporting informed decision-making to promote health. Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is responsible for enforcing regulations on narcotic drugs in Canada?

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of breastfeeding related to medication safety?

Incompatible medications in mother’s milk Signup and view all the answers

How does gastric pH in infants affect medication absorption?

It is less acidic, potentially decreasing efficacy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is reduced in infants affecting medication metabolism?

First-pass elimination Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor to consider regarding the ADME of medications in infants compared to adults?

Variable efficacy based on age Signup and view all the answers

Which organization focuses on safe medication practices in the nursing profession?

Institute for Safe Medication Practices Signup and view all the answers

What impact does slowed gastric emptying have on medication in infants?

Prolongs time before drug action is noted Signup and view all the answers

How does breastfeeding potentially influence the safety of medications taken by the mother?

It can lead to medication transfer through milk Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of infant metabolism differs significantly from adults?

Reduced first-pass metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What was the Narcotic Control Act updated to regulate in Canada?

Control and sale of narcotics and other drugs of misuse Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can affect the absorption of medications in neonates?

IM absorption being faster and irregular Signup and view all the answers

What consideration must be taken into account regarding older children and medication dosages?

They may have increased metabolism requiring higher/more frequent doses Signup and view all the answers

How does kidney immaturity affect drug clearance in pediatric patients?

It affects GFR and tubular secretion Signup and view all the answers

What requirement must be met for the sale of controlled drugs in Canada?

They are regulated under the Drug Act and require a prescription Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is likely to experience irregular IM absorption of drugs?

Neonates Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with prescribing drugs to children with liver immaturity?

Altered drug metabolism and potential toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is one relevance of the recognized formularies in drug administration?

They guide the selection of appropriate medications Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary organ responsible for drug elimination in the body?

Kidney Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs also contributes to drug elimination, apart from the kidneys?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What process primarily inactivates medications through enzymatic activity?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which fluids should be used to flush the IV line after administering medication?

Normal saline (NS) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the inactivation of medications primarily occur in the body?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What represents the term 'bioavailability' in pharmacology?

The extent to which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

Which injection technique is appropriate for administering a maximum of 1 ml of medication?

Intramuscular injection in the deltoid Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the angle of insertion for a subcutaneous injection in an average adult?

90 degrees Signup and view all the answers

What clinical consideration is critical when administering medications to a thin adult?

Consider reducing the dosage of medications Signup and view all the answers

Which best explains the term 'pharmacokinetics'?

The study of how drugs move through the body Signup and view all the answers

How do drugs typically alter cell or tissue function according to pharmacodynamics?

They alter the rate or strength of cell or tissue function. Signup and view all the answers

What is important to ensure when administering enteral drugs?

They should be diluted in no more than 30 ml of water. Signup and view all the answers

What position is recommended for administering a rectal drug?

Lithotomy position with legs elevated. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when using a Z-track method for intramuscular injections?

Pulling back for blood return before injection. Signup and view all the answers

Why should sustained-release (SR), long-acting, or enteric-coated (EC) medications not be crushed?

It reduces the effectiveness of the drug's properties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum volume allowed for an intramuscular (IM) injection when following standard practices?

3 ml. Signup and view all the answers

When should peri care be performed in relation to bladder emptying?

Before and after bladder emptying. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of drug-receptor interactions in pharmacodynamics?

They are responsible for the efficacy of drug action. Signup and view all the answers

Why must medications be diluted in warm water for enteral administration?

To enhance absorption and comfort. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common practice to avoid complications when administering intramuscular injections?

Avoiding air bubbles in the syringe. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drug Administration During Pregnancy and Lactation

Drugs cross the placenta by diffusion.
Motherisk program provides information and support to pregnant and breastfeeding women about medication safety.
US FDA drug risk categories:
- A: No risk to fetus
- B: Little risk to fetus
- C: Moderate risk to fetus
- D: Significant risk to fetus
- X: Contraindicated in pregnancy; risk outweighs benefits
Nursing accountability and safety during pregnancy and lactation:
- Maintain patient confidentiality
- Promote patient dignity and support informed decision-making
- Advocate for patient well-being and health
- Be accountable for your professional practice and actions
Pharmacokinetic considerations in pregnancy and lactation:
- Medications may not be absorbed, distributed, metabolized, or excreted in the same way as in adults, leading to increased or decreased efficacy or safety.
- Gastric pH is less acidic in infants until 1 to 2 years of age.
- Gastric emptying is slowed in infants.
- First-pass elimination is reduced in infants.
- Intramuscular (IM) absorption is faster and more irregular in infants.
- Liver immaturity can lead to drug accumulation.
Pharmacokinetic considerations in older adults:
- Older children may have increased metabolism, requiring higher or more frequent doses.
- Kidney immaturity affects glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and tubular secretion.
- Decreased renal perfusion rate can reduce drug excretion.
- Older adults are at higher risk for adverse drug effects and toxicity due to decline in organ function.

Drug Legislation in Canada

Canadian Food and Drug Act:
- Governs foods, drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices.
- Ensures safety and nutritional quality of products.
- Manufacturers must comply with prescribed standards.
Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA):
- Updated from the Narcotic Control Act in 1997.
- Regulates control and sale of narcotics and other drugs of misuse.
- Requires a prescription for narcotics, which are indicated by 'N' and a symbol on their labels.
- Enforced by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).

Ethnocultural Considerations in Nursing

3 out of 10 Canadians belong to a visible minority.
A significant portion of visible minorities and aboriginal populations are Canadian-born.
Ethnocultural considerations in nursing include understanding:
- Cultural practices and beliefs.
- Language barriers, requiring the use of a translator.

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