Optic Nerve

Which part of the brain is the optic nerve primarily composed of?

Where do the axons of retinal ganglion cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve?

Where do the majority of canine retinal ganglion cell axons ultimately project to?

Which type of collagen is primarily found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the dog LC?

What is the approximate thickness of the canine central laminar?

Which of the following does NOT play a significant role in susceptibility to axonal damage in glaucoma?

What is the role of the laminar insertion zone in the dog LC?

Which part of the optic nerve can be visualized on ophthalmoscopy?

Which region of the optic nerve is the longest?

Where do axons from the nasal retina of carnivores cross at the optic chiasm?

Why does the optic nerve represent an extremely vulnerable segment of the visual pathway?

Which artery supplies the primary blood flow to the eye in dogs?

What is the main determinant of the translaminar pressure gradient (TLPG)?

Which region of the optic nerve is more likely to be directly impacted by IOP?

What is the role of the short posterior ciliary arteries in the canine optic nerve?

Which species has a larger mean fiber diameter of individual axons in the intraorbital optic nerve compared to humans and monkeys?

What is the diameter of the canine intraorbital optic nerve?

What is the approximate increase in diameter of the canine optic nerve as it exits the globe?

Which cell type is responsible for myelination of optic nerve axons in mammals?

What is the role of myelin in optic nerve axons?

Which region of the optic nerve is myelinated in mammals?

What is the primary cell type responsible for myelination of cranial nerves (except the olfactory nerve) in mammals?

Which technique is NOT generally used in veterinary patients to evaluate the optic disc?

What is the primary color of the stimuli used in chromatic pupillometry?

Which type of retinal ganglion cells are responsible for generating sustained pupillary light reflex (PLR) responses to blue stimuli?

What can pupillometry be useful for in determining the most appropriate diagnostic tests for acute onset blindness?

Which of the following animals has the highest percentage of optic nerve axons crossing the midline at the optic chiasm?

Which of the following is NOT a location intimately associated with the optic chiasm in dogs?

Which of the following reflexes is NOT used to assess vision in dogs during a neuro-ophthalmic examination?

Which of the following statements about the pupillary light reflex (PLR) is NOT true?

Which ophthalmoscopy lens is considered a reasonable compromise for evaluation of the optic nerve head (ONH) in canine patients?

What are the predicted lateral and axial magnifications when using a 14D indirect ophthalmoscopy lens for evaluation of the ONH in canine patients?

What feature of the ONH is easier to visualize in dogs?

What is the normal average cup to disc ratio for humans?

Which imaging technique is currently considered unreliable for measuring neuroretinal rim width and optic cup width and depth in dogs with glaucoma?

Which imaging technique relies on comparison with a normal database, which is lacking for dogs?

Which imaging technique is insensitive to the early phases of tissue loss in the neuroretinal rim in optic nerve degeneration and glaucomatous atrophy?

Which imaging technique provides exquisitely detailed images of integrity, course and perfusion defects in the microvasculature of the human optic nerve without need for intravenous injection of fluorescent dyes?

Which imaging technique is considered the cross-sectional imaging technique of choice in diagnostic investigation of humans with suspected prechiasmatic optic nerve disease?

What can Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) be used to identify or exclude in the differential diagnosis of canine optic nerve swelling?

What did MRI findings in dogs with optic neuritis include?

Which breed of dog has published reports of achiasmatic optic nerves with nystagmus?

What is the most striking clinical feature observed in dogs with achiasmatic optic nerves?

Which breed of dog has been reported to have bilateral optic nerve aplasia?

Which imaging technique is considered superior to computed tomography for visualizing the optic nerves in dogs?

What is the approximate diameter of the optic nerve sheath complex in dogs?

What is the primary cause of enlargement of the optic nerve sheath in patients with increased intracranial pressure?

What imaging technique can provide noninvasive assessment of white matter tracts, including the optic nerves, in both humans and animals?

Which imaging technique is considered technically demanding and requires sedation or general anesthesia in veterinary patients?

What is the term used to describe a small optic disc in an eye with clinically normal pupillary light reflexes (PLRs) and vision?

What is the range of optic nerve head (ONH) size considered statistically abnormally small in dogs?

What is the primary reason that visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is not commonly performed in clinical veterinary practice?

Which imaging technique provides detailed information complementary to MRI in the evaluation of patients with orbital trauma, including detection and localization of metallic foreign bodies and bone fragments?

Which imaging technique has the advantage of seldom requiring general anesthesia in veterinary patients and has been widely used in human patients as a surrogate measure of intracranial pressure (ICP)?

Which electrophysiological test is the most widely utilized in the diagnosis of human optic nerve disease and is used to evaluate optic nerve function?

Which imaging technique is costly and time consuming for longitudinal monitoring of patients and would require general anesthesia for immobilization in dogs?

Which of the following is true about optic nerve hypoplasia in dogs?

Which of the following is a possible cause of reduced numbers of optic nerve axons in patients with optic nerve hypoplasia?

Which of the following breeds is NOT mentioned as having a reported occurrence of optic nerve hypoplasia or micropapilla?

What is the primary cell type responsible for myelination of optic nerve axons in mammals?

Which breed is NOT mentioned as having a reported occurrence of optic nerve coloboma?

Which ocular defect is NOT mentioned as being associated with optic nerve coloboma?

Which breed is mentioned as having sporadic occurrences of optic nerve coloboma?

Which breed of dog is NOT mentioned as having a reported occurrence of optic nerve coloboma?

What is the risk factor associated with large colobomas of the optic nerve head in dogs?

What is the suggested cause of colobomas in dogs with Collie Eye Anomaly?

What imaging technique is considered unreliable for measuring neuroretinal rim width and optic cup width and depth in dogs with glaucoma?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in dogs?

What is the most likely cause of vision loss with a relatively normal fundus appearance in dogs?

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of acquired optic nerve disorders in dogs?

Which of the following is a reported cause of optic neuritis in dogs?

In a retrospective study of 96 cases of canine optic neuritis, what percentage of patients had an etiologic diagnosis established?

Which of the following breeds is more likely to be diagnosed with MUO (meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology)?

What is the histologic diagnosis for both granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) and necrotizing encephalitis?

Which of the following is NOT a cause of optic disc swelling that can mimic pseudopapilledema in dogs and humans?

What is the term used to describe the elevation of the optic nerve head (ONH) surface by prelaminar myelination of nerve fibers in clinically healthy, normal dogs?

What is the imaging technique that is less likely to be informative in dogs with pseudopapilledema compared to humans?

What is the main factor that distinguishes pseudopapilledema from true papilledema in dogs?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of neoplastic infiltrates in the optic nerve and ONH?

Which of the following is a proposed pathogenesis of papilledema associated with raised intracranial pressure?

Which of the following is a reason why papilledema in dogs may go unrecognized in many cases?

Which of the following is a target organ damage secondary to systemic arterial hypertension in humans?

Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of optic neuritis in dogs?

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a clinical sign of optic neuritis in dogs?

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a funduscopic abnormality associated with optic neuritis in dogs?

Which of the following imaging techniques is considered superior to computed tomography for visualizing the optic nerves in dogs?

Which imaging technique is recommended to establish an etiologic diagnosis of canine optic nerve disease whenever possible?

Which imaging technique has higher sensitivity in detecting MUO in dogs?

Which diagnostic testing has greater sensitivity and specificity for infectious diseases in dogs with inflammatory CSF findings?

Which of the following is the most common primary tumor involving the canine optic nerve?

What is the approximate percentage of ocular neoplasms submitted to a busy mail-in ocular pathology service that are accounted for by canine orbital meningioma?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of primary canine orbital meningiomas on advanced imaging?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of optic nerve gliomas in dogs?

Which of the following is a potential contributor to loss of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in glaucomatous optic neuropathy?

What is the primary cause of optic nerve damage in dogs with glaucoma?

Which of the following is a potential consequence of decreased vascular perfusion in the optic nerve?

What is the role of hypoxia and ischemia in acute glaucoma in dogs?

Which of the following is a potential treatment option for patients with confirmed MUO or isolated optic neuritis?

What is the recommended dosage of corticosteroids for systemic corticosteroid therapy in patients with no other evidence of systemic infectious disease?

Which of the following is NOT a second-line immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory regimen proposed for the management of MUO?

What is the prognosis for long-term recovery and retention of vision in cases of optic neuritis?

Which type of glioma is predominantly found in the canine optic nerve?

What are the common intraocular complications of optic nerve gliomas in dogs?

Which breed has a strong predilection for canine ocular gliovascular syndrome (COGS)?

What is the primary imaging technique used to suggest an ONH mass when ophthalmoscopy is not possible in dogs?

Which of the following is a potential complication of traumatic globe proptosis in dogs?

What is a potential cause of traumatic optic neuropathy in dogs?

What treatment option is typically used for traumatic optic neuropathy in dogs?

What is a potential cause of optic nerve degeneration in dogs?

Which imaging technology may aid in the interrogation of alterations in ONH blood supply in glaucoma patients?

Which mechanism is NOT believed to play a contributory role in glaucomatous optic neuropathy and subsequent blindness in dogs with glaucoma?

What is the likelihood of a single neuroprotective therapy being highly effective in preserving vision in glaucoma patients?

Which of the following is a clinical hallmark of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in both humans and dogs?

Which of the following is a factor that can influence the susceptibility of ONH structures and resident cells to damage associated with fluctuations in IOP?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of glaucomatous optic neuropathy in dogs?